MARVEL BULLPEN (THE TRUE HEROES OF THE MARVEL UNIVERSE) [E-000] - [E-1789002] {OMNIVERSE LIST} €
The Marvel Bullpen is the nickname that is used for the staff and creators who work at the Marvel Comics offices. /
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Omniverse is known for Lincoln and 31st (2001) and The Matrix Revisited (2001).A.R.M.O.R. gave this designation to a world in which Marvel Comics is a company and all of the other worlds are comic books written by them. This was not an official designation; rather, the world had yet to be catalogued by A.R.M.O.R., so their reality-identifying equipment, lacking a designated number, defaulted to listing it as 0000. /
OMNIVERSE - The Multiverse
Avengers summoned from an infinite number of divergent timelines by Rick Jones prepare themselves for war.
The Marvel Multiverse is the collection of separate universes, or realities that all Marvel Comics takes place in. There is possibly an infinite number of different realities, some of which is located outside the Multiverse, but still has an earth-designation. An example of this is Earth-14861, the New Universe. /
The various realities are always called Earth-[number], despite referring to the whole reality, not just the Earth. It is also, but less frequently, called Reality-[number]. /
The Multiverse was originally established as being protected by Merlyn, and later by Saturnyne and the [Captain Britain] Corps. There are other beings and groups dealing with protecting the Multiverse, for example the Time Variance Authority, the Exiles and A.R.M.O.R. /
Most realities have a Captain Britain designated to protect its version of the British Isles and in extension the reality. These protectors are collectively known as the Corps. /
New realities are constantly created and often involves time traveling characters as time travel in Marvel comics always creates divergent realities, and it is not possible to alter time or travel back to your own past. /
Omniverse
The term Omniverse refers to all Marvel realities as well as every other fictional universe or reality ever created.
Earth-616
The main continuity in which most Marvel storylines take place was designated Earth-616. The term Earth-616 was first used by Alan Moore in his run of the Marvel UK comic Captain Britain. Fans originally thought that the number 616 was a reference of the release date of the first Fantastic Four comic. However Alan Moore when asked about it said that 616 was just a random number of no significance chosen because people always seemed to be talking about 'Earth 2' or 'Earth 4' but never any higher numbers. See here for reference.
Significant storylines and their realities
1602 - Earth-311
Age of Apocalypse - Earth-295
Days of Future Past - Earth-811
Earth X - Earth-9997
House of M - Earth-58163
Mangaverse - Earth-2301
Marvel Zombies - Earth-2149
MC2 - Earth-982
Mutant X - Earth-1298
Ultimate Universe - Earth-1610
MAX - Earth-200111
Alternate realities
Earth-0000
A.R.M.O.R. gave this designation to a world in which Marvel Comics is a company and all of the other worlds are comic books written by them. This was not an official designation; rather, the world had yet to be catalogued by A.R.M.O.R., so their reality-identifying equipment, lacking a designated number, defaulted to listing it as 0000.
Earth-9 is the reality from which Saturnyne hails, she is important as she is the Omniversal Majestrix and an ally of Captain Britain. Some of her famed counterparts include Courtney Ross (Earth-616) and Sat-Yr-9 (Earth-839).
Earth-12
The home reality of Mimic from Exiles
Earth-15
The home reality of Spider from Weapon X
Earth-26
In this reality the Civil War was averted due to Reed Richards creating a machine that removed super powers from everyone.
Earth-27
Home reality of Exiles Magnus
Inhabitants beside others: Magneto, Rogue,
First appearance of reality: Exiles #1
First got an Earth designation in: Exiles #83
Earth-33
Home reality of a powerless Fantastic Four who live in the 1950's
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-36
Home reality of Hazel Donovan
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-45
Doom was defeated and lobotomized by a member of the cross-temporal Council of Reeds.
Earth-65
Home reality of Brother Brit-Man of the Captain Britain Corps
Marvel Universe: Alternate Universes 2005 (The Corps entry)
Earth-69/Earth-01000101
Home of the Cyber-Sidhe.
On Earth-01000101 the universe’s dominant life form evolved from binary computers.
Similar to Earth-616, but in contrary to Main Earth, where one "Marvelyear" answers to about 5-6 years in real life, this reality ages appropriately. Milestone for their age is their comicbook debut. Also known as Earth 1961 as reference to the debut year of the Fantastic Four.
Significant inhabitants:
Spider-Man, Captain America (deceased), Daredevil, Dr. Strange, Fantastic Four (Reed Richards, Susan Richards, Ben Grimm, Johnny Storm, Cosmic Ray, Crystal, Franklin Richards, Luna, Zawadi Storm, N'Yami Susan Richards, Alicia Masters), Hulk, Thor, Wolverine, Edwin Jarvis, Gwen Stacy (deceased), Green Goblin (deceased), Frightful Four (Wizard, Blastaar, Quicksand, Hooded Haunt), Dragon Man,
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-110
Reality where Reed Richards and Tony Stark develops technology for the private sector
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-111
Home reality of the Challengers of Doom, Dr. Doom, Dr. Richards, Dr. Banner and Dr. (Susan) Storm.
This earth was consumed by Galactus.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-127
A reality in which Wolverine, a female Magneto, a female Quicksilver, a male Scarlet Witch and Mesmero are combined to form a new powerful entity called Brother Mutant. A new team of Exiles consisting of alternate Wolverines was sent here.
Earth-148 (Ee'rath)
The reality Kylun was sent to by Widget. Home reality of Necrom, Sa'tneen and Yeoman UK of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-155
On this Earth, Hank Pym had an aneurysm two days after the Superhuman Registration Act was passed. The Civil War was averted after Reed Richards helped negotiate a peaceful resolution between pro- and anti- registration heroes.
Earth-161
Diverged from Earth-616 at some point around X-Men #1-3 (1991).
Earth-172
Home reality of Wolverine of Weapon X
Earth-181
Home reality of Daredevil of Weapon X and Patch of the All-Wolverine Exiles team.
Earth-231
Reed Richards kills the other members of the Illuminati at their first meeting.
Earth-238 (Crooked World)
Home reality of Mad Jim Jaspers, the Fury and Captain UK. This whole reality was destroyed by Lord Mandragon in order to stop the Jaspers Warp from spreading through the Multiverse..
Earth-253
In this reality the Earth was destroyed by Qabiri. Home reality of the Protectorate, an union of super-humans.
Earth-267
Everyone except Kang is killed in a nuclear war.
Earth-295 ( Age of Apocalypse)
Apocalyptic reality where Apocalypse (and later Wolverine) is supreme ruler.
Home reality of Blink and Sabretooth of Exiles as well as X-Man, Dark Beast, Holocaust, Nightcrawler, Prophet and Sugar Man who all escaped to Earth-616. Wild Child of this reality was recruited into Earth- 91172 Quentin Quire's Exiles.
This reality no longer exists as of X-Termination #2. The only survivors being Dark Beast, Prophet and X-Man - all of whom currently reside in 616. The fate of Blink however is unknown.
Earth-305
Home reality of Captain Angleterre of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-311 (1602)
Captain America of Earth-420 was sent back in time to 1587 causing the timeline to diverge into a new reality, Earth-311.
Home reality of the Fantastick Four and Carlos Javier's Witchbreed
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-312 (Fantastic Voyage)
The Exiles was sent here to aid the Fantastic Four who were just about to get their powers. Thing became a rampaging monster, but they were able to help him.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-313 (Lemuria)
Home reality of the Lemurians. The Knights of Pendragon and Spider-Man of Earth-616 accidentally sent a nuclear bomb to Earth-313, which destroyed a huge part of Earth. The people sent a group of Warriors to Earth-616 for vengeance, but after learning it was a mistake they allowed the Knights of Pendragon to return to Earth-313 with them to rebuild some of the damage they caused.
Earth-355
Home realty of Coal Tiger (T'Challa) of the Gatherers
Earth-371
Home reality of Gambit of Weapon X
Erroneously numbered Earth-731 in X-Men: Messiah Complex - Mutant Files
Earth-374
Home reality of Proctor
Earth-398
Reality where Morgan Le Fey is queen and the Avengers are her bodyguards, called the Queens Vengeance.
Earth-412
Magic carpets are commonplace.
Earth-460
Reality where Purple Man is president of the United States.
Captain America of this reality was sent back in time to 1587 causing the timeline to diverge into a new reality, Earth-311.
Earth-483/The Territory
Earth-483 is a Wild West universe that is home to the mystical sharp-shooters Hurricane and his Daughter Swift Cloud. Howard the Duck and Aaron Stack from Earth-616 collected samples of the Zombie Virus after it infested this Earth.
Earth-520
Home reality of Weapon X who was recruited into the All-Wolverine Exiles team.
Earth-522 (The Hub)
Home reality of Captain England of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-523
Home reality of Captain Albion of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-538
The Beyonder remakes the world into one where he is a super-star and a god.
Earth-541
Reality where Star Brand is the global monarch and uses his powers to force international peace.
Earth-552
Home reality of a renegade Silver Surfer and a Galactus that restores life to barren planets.
Earth-555
Reality where the New Universe relaunch (newuniversal) takes place.
Earth-597
In this reality the Nazis won World War II. Home reality of Hauptmann Englande of the Corps and Lightning Force, a nazi version of Excalibur.
Earth-615,9
Reality where Deadpool is possessed by a symbiote.
Earth-616
The main Marvel reality
Earth-617
Reality where Nightmare rules the world
Earth-653
Home reality of Mesmero of Weapon X
First appearance of reality: Exiles #83
First got an Earth designation in: X-Men: Messiah Complex - Mutant Files (Exiles entry)
Earth-665 (Marble Earth)
Home reality of Forbush Man
Earth-666
Home reality of the Supernaturals and the Avengers of the Undead.
Earth-689
Scarlet Centurion uses the Avengers as pawns. He is defeated by Earth-616 Avengers
Earth-691
Earth-691 Guardians of the Galaxy
Home reality of Killraven, Korvac and Guardians of the Galaxy.
Often referred to as the War of the Worlds reality, Earth-691 branched off from the standard 616 reality towards the turn of the 21st century. At that time, Martians invaded the Earth and won, killing most of Earth's heroes. The Earth in shambles, the entire Solar System would be invaded and taken over by the Badoon in the 31st century, wiping out nearly all those living on Earth's colonies.
The Guardians of the Galaxy would form and eventually expel the Badoon from Earth, giving those left behind a chance to rebuild human civilization. Due to it's close history and definitive separation point, the Earth-691 reality expands on many popular characters and events with standard Marvel continuity.
Earth-700
Home reality of Cassandra Locke
Earth-712 (Earth-S)
Home reality of the Squadron Supreme.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-714
Home reality of Angel of Weapon X
Earth-715 (Femizonia)
Matriarchal reality, 90% of earth's men are killed. home reality of Thundra
Earth-717
Reality where the 2005 What If's takes place.
In this reality Thor is a herald of Galactus, the Fantastic Four are russian, Captain America was active during the civil war, Namor was raised by Humans, Daredevil is Japanese and Wolverine lived in Chicago.
Earth-721(Earth-A)
In this reality almost nobody has powers. Residents used to travel to Earth-616, which they call Earth-B, where they gain the same powers as their Earth-616 counterparts.
Here, only Ben Grimm and Reed Richards were aboard the spaceship, that originally gave the Fantastic Four their powers. As a result, Reed turned into a stone creature while Ben got stretching powers and married Susan Storm. Her brother Johnny was reported dead in Vietnam, but turned up alive as the hero Gaard; later on Vangaard.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-723
Home reality of a Star Brand that uses his power to create music
Earth-731
Home reality of Gambit from Exile's Weapon X.
Earth-741
Home reality of Captain Empire of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-744
Home reality of Captain Airstrip-One of the Captain Britain Corps, an Orwellian dictatorship.
Earth-763
Home reality of Beast of the Exiles
Earth-772
Home reality of the Fantastic Five.
Earth-774
Reality where Bruce Banner, Charles Xavier and Reed Richards are merged and the new entity is called X-Man. The Avengers and Fantastic Four doesn't exist in this reality.
Earth-794
Home reality of Sat-Yr9 and Kaptain Briton of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-797
Home reality of Mystiq of the Exiles
Earth-808
Dr. Doom fights Mephisto over his mother's soul
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-811 ( Days of Future Past)
Reality where most of earth's mutants are killed by Sentinels. Home reality of Rachel Summers and Ahab.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-829
Home reality of Hercules of the 24th century
Earth-839
Captain UK was reassigned to this reality after the destruction of her home reality Earth-238
Earth-846
Home reality of Kommandant Englander of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-861
Home reality of Captain Granbretan of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-873
Home reality of Hulk of Weapon X
Earth-886
Home reality of a female Star Brand who becomes the worlds most popular super-hero
Earth-889
Earth-892
Reality where Dr. Doom is ruler of the world.
Earth-900
An Utopian future.
Earth-904
What if Storm had remained in Asgard?
Earth-907
Reality where Mr. Fantastic was executed during the Trials of Galactus
Earth-912
Reality where Silver Surfer is a member of the Fantastic Five
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-913
Reality where the X-Men won against Krakoa and the All-New X-Men never formed
Earth-917
Reality where Namor is a member of the Fantastic Five and also married to Invisible Woman
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-920
Home reality of Captain Commonwealth of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-921
Home reality of Swordsman (Philip Javert) of the Gatherers who was a member of Avengers of Earth-616
Earth-924
Home reality of Cap'n Saxonia of the Captain Britain Corps and Calibur, a version of Excalibur with Cap'n Saxonia, Dr. Strange, Spider-Girl, Hulk and Iron Fist as members.
Earth-928 (2099)
Reality (initially) taking place in 2099 A.D. Home reality of Spider-Man 2099, Hulk 2099 and X-Men 2099 among others.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-929
Reality where Fantastic Four died before getting powers, Silver Surfer is an Avenger and Uatu sacrifices himself to stop Galactus from consuming Earth.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-932
Home reality of Anti-Vision of the Gatherers, an evil counterpart of Vision
Earth-938
Reality where Dr. Doom is Sorcerer Supreme
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-943
Home reality of Jocasta of the Gatherers
Earth-944
Home reality of Dark Raider, a version of Reed Richards driven mad from being the sole survivor of Earth since Galactus consumed it, an now wants to kill every counterpart of Reed Richards in the multiverse.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-952
Reality where Galactus devoured the Earth and Fantastic Four became his heralds.
Earth-956
The thief girl Ororo is sought after to join both Xavier's team and Sinister's team.
Inhabitants beside others: Mimic, Marvel Girl, Beast, Angel, Banshee, Professor X, Mr. Sinister, Cyclops, Sabretooth, Havok, Malice (Madeline Pryor), Sauron, Ororo Munroe
Earth-957
What if Blink had lived?
Earth-967
Home reality of Hyperstorm
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-969
Reed Richards sent to prison
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-976
Dr. Doom and Magneto are part of the Illuminati.
Earth-982 ( MC2)
Reality set in present time, but mostly everything happened 15 years earlier than in the main reality so the stories follows a new generation of heroes. Home reality of Spider-Girl, A-Next, J2, The Buzz and Wild Thing among others.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-983
What if the X-Men had condemned Gambit to death?
Earth-987
What if Colossus had never joined the X-Men?
Earth-989
Ben Grimm stayed in Liddleville
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-998
Reality where the United States is ruled by the Red Queen (Jean Grey) of Earth-9575.
Earth-999
Home reality of the Special Legion of Machine Avengers Executive
Earth-1000
Loki altered reality preventing humans from getting super powers. Home reality of Knorda and Praxis
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-1009
Home reality of Rogue of the Exiles
Earth-1029
Home reality of She-Hulk of Weapon X
Earth-1058
Dr. Killcraven conducts experiments on Goat Skull Island.
Deadpool Corps: Rank and Foul
Earth-1081
Home reality of Exiles Morph
Earth-1090
First appearance of reality: This reality was only mentioned, never seen.
Earth-1100
Home reality of Exiles T-Bird
Earth-1108
Home reality of the Deadpool Kid. This reality is a 19 century Wild West themed reality.
Deadpool Corps: Rank and Foul
Earth-1112
In this reality the Fantastic Four is killed by Susan Storm
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-1115
In this reality the Susan Storm is the queen of Atlantis
Earth-1116 (Atlanterra)
Reality where Atlantis is at war with humanity
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-1119
Home reality of Panther of the Exiles
Earth-1120
Thanos kills all life in this reality
Earth-1121
Reality where Hyperion is the only survivor of Earth. He joined the Heralds in exchange of getting his greatest wish fulfilled - to die
Earth-1122
Home reality of the Spider-Girl that joined the Heralds
Earth-1123
Reality where the Brute (Reed Richards) is president of the United States.
Earth-1124
Reality where Satyrnin rules the world. Deathlok and Killraven of the Heralds were sent here on a mission
Earth-1136
Home reality of some obscure Golden Age characters including Zardi the Eternal Man, Gravestone, Amazing Man and Skyrocket Steele
Earth-1189
Home reality of the Meggan who is a member of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-1191
Home reality of Bishop, Shard, Trevor Fitzroy, Fixx, Greystone, Mountjoy and Archer.
Earth-1193
Home reality of Captain Marshall of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-1218
The real world.
Earth-1228
Reality where Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Sol Brodsky, and Florence Steinberg became the Fantastic Four
Earth-1241
Home reality of Captain Dash
Earth-1282
Home reality of Captain Cymru of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-1287
Home reality of Strikeforce: Morituri and Maverick of Weapon X
Earth-1289
Home reality of Kymri of Captain Britain Corps. Lockheed of this reality is also a member.
Earth-1298 ( Mutant X)
Home reality of The Six among others. Bloodstorm of this reality became a member of the Heralds.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-1508
Home reality of Chevalier Bretagne of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-1519
Home reality of Captain Mexica. The Aztec empire is the dominant force
Earth-1610 (Ultimate Universe)
The Ultimate Universe is one of the biggest alternate realities in terms of publications.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-1629
Home reality of Henry P. Stanton
Earth-1720
Reality where an evil Susan Storm is Empress Hydra, the leader of Hydra. The Exiles visited this reality and thwarted her schemes. After this Empress Hydra, Wolverine and Slaymaster somehow escaped the reality seeking revenge.
Earth-1735
Super Hero Civil War was averted due to Tony Stark being absent during the planning stages and Captain America still being frozen in the ocean until after the Initiative was in place.
Earth-1812
Home reality of Captain Granbretan of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-1815
Reality where the Exiles were sent on their first mission
Earth-1880
Home reality of the James Howlett that joined the All-Wolverine Exiles team right after his mutant powers first manifested.
Earth-1917
Home reality of Colossus of Weapon X
Earth-1987
Reality visited by the Exiles.
Inhabitants beside others:
Fantastic Four consisting of Mr. Fantastic, Invisible Girl, Human Torch and She-Hulk
Earth-1991 (Geshem)
Medieval reality ruled by Queen Rain, a non-powered Wolfsbane.
Earth-2012
Cross-temporal council of Reeds killed Galactus.
Earth-2020
Home reality of Iron Man of Weapon X
Earth-2055
Reality where Spiral ruled the world
Earth-2098
This reality was completely destroyed.
Earth-2107
Home reality of the Ultimate Universes Bishop and Cable.
Earth-2109
Home reality of Exiles Sunfire
Earth-2120
Home reality of the Killraven from the 2001 series. (Not the same as the original Killraven)
Earth-2122
Home reality of Crusader X of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-2149 ( Marvel Zombies)
Reality where all but a handful of Earth's super-powered individuals has been transformed into zombies.
Earth-2182
Home reality of Nocturne of the Exiles. In this reality the X-Men are led by the wheel-chair bound Professor W (Wolverine)
Earth-2189
Home reality of Namora of the Exiles
Earth-2192
Reality where Red Skull rules the earth.
Earth-2301( Marvel Mangaverse)
Reality of manga versions of marvel characters
Earth-2600
Both the Exiles and Weapon X teams was sent to this reality to kill David Richards, son of Franklin Richards and Rachel Summers, because he was destined to become a great threat to humanity. This ended with Sabretooth staying in this reality for 20 years trying to raise David to be a good man but ultimately having to kill him anyway.
Earth-2814
Home reality of Forge of the Exiles
Earth-2819
The Beyonder destroys the world and restarts it with only one man and one woman.
Earth-2942
Reality where the Brood has overtaken the earth and eradicated all life.
Earth-2992
Home reality of Mutant 2099 and Punisher (Cassandra Castle) among others
Earth-3010
Home reality of Lady Deadpool
Deadpool Corps: Rank and Foul
Earth-3031
Home reality of Kane of Weapon X
Earth-3062
Home reality of Firestar of Weapon X
Earth-3123
Reality where Aunt May got Spider-Man's powers
Earth-3131 (AOLon)
Reality where the earth is owned by a company and re-named AOLon. Home reality of The Marvel (KalAOL) and his dog AOLstro.
Earth-3290
Only peaceful solution to Skrull Invasion: total surrender.
Earth-3470
Home reality of Heather Hudson of the Exiles. Blink, Nocturne and T-Bird went to live here after they quit the Exiles.
Earth-3490
Reality where Captain America and Iron Woman (Natasha Stark) married and Hank Pym was in prison.Superhuman Civil War never happened.
Earth-3515 (The Reigning)
Reality where Thor is the ruler of the earth. He is no longer worthy of holding Mjolnir. Home reality of Magni.
Earth-3752 (Monster Planet)
Home reality of Dr. Curt Connors Science Squad
Earth-3913
Home reality of a murderous Captain Britain
Earth-3931
Reality where the Avengers are vampires.
Earth-4023
Home reality of King Hyperion. All life on earth eradicated except him.
Earth-4040
Home reality of Breeze Barton
Earth-4096
Home reality of Space Rangers and Black Hawk
Earth-4100
Home reality of Centurion Britannus of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-4210
Home reality of Exiles Magik
Earth-4263
Home reality of Captain Daring
Earth-4263
Reality where the Celestials attacked Reed Richards
Earth-4321 (Marvel: The End)
Reality where Thanos aquires the Heart of the Universe and absorbs everything in the entire reality into himself, then sacrifices himself to restore the universe. Home reality of Akhenaten.
Earth-4400
Reality where the Exiles battled Weapon X to death and many of Earth-4400's heroes got killed in the process. Nighthawk of this reality was recruited into Earth- 91172 Quentin Quire's Exiles.
Earth-4732
Home reality of Ms. Marvel of Weapon X
Earth-4811
Home reality of Madam Sussex (Francesca Lexley Grace) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-4871
Reality destroyed by the World Ripper of Earth-4872
Earth-4872
Reality destroyed by Merlin for being too dangerous to adjacent realities
Earth-4873
Reality destroyed by the World Ripper of Earth-4872
Earth-4904
Home reality of Major Commonwealth of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-4935 (Askani Earth)
Reality where Apocalypse rules the earth. Cable grew up here. Home reality of Stryfe, Mother Askani (Rachel Summers), Ch'Vayre and Blaquesmith.
Earth-5012
Home reality of Iron Maniac, an evil Tony Stark who traveled to Earth-616 and killed young hero Freedom Ring
Earth-5021
Home reality of Deadpool of Weapon X
Earth-5106
Home reality of Jet Dixon among others
Earth-5127
Reality where Roma is worshiped as a goddess
Earth-5200
Reality where Earth is ruled by Dr. Doom
Earth-5311 (Kitty's Fairy Tale)
Home reality of Lockheed and the Bamfs.
Earth-5391
Home reality of Speed Carter among others
Earth-5423
Home reality of The Big M. The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants reforms and becomes X-Men.
Earth-5464
Home reality of Whirlwind Carter
Earth-5521
The Illuminati unleashed Phoenix Force on Skrull homeplanet. After that Reed Richards was forced to destroy the Phoenix host.
Earth-5555
Home reality of Death's Head and Dragon's Claws
This reality was numbered Earth-8162 in the original Dragon's Claws series but that referred to the year, rather than the reality designation.
Earth-5556
Merlyn tracked Catavolcus to this reality and battled him with the help of the Doctor.
Earth-5631
Home reality of the Marvel Age/Marvel Adventures version of Power Pack
Earth-5692
Reality where the Skrulls conquered earth and held all super-powered individuals of earth captive and pitted them against each other in gladiator-like battles. The Skrulls all left earth when Galactus arrived to consume it, but the gladiators and the Exiles managed to drive him away.
Earth-5700
Reality similar to Earth-811 ( Days of Future Past).
Inhabitants beside others: Mimic, Sabretooth, Blob, Avalanche, Scalphunter, Caliban, Avengers, Magneto, X-Men, Sentinels
Earth-5701
Reality where Cable, Spider-Man, Archangel and Blob are horsemen of Apocalypse
Earth-5764
Home reality of one of the two Hyperions Beak recruited to help the Exiles battle King Hyperion
Earth-6023
Home reality of the Southpaw that helped She-Hulk in her Time Variance Authority trial
Earth-6025
Home reality of Chronok
Earth-6034
Earth-6078
Reality where Aunt May died and Uncle Ben raised Peter Parker
Earth-6095
Reality where alien insects devours all life on earth
Earth-6141
Home reality of Shadow-X, an evil version of the X-Men led by an evil Professor X
Earth-6195
Home reality of the Zombie Wolverine that was recruited into the All-Wolverine Exiles team
Earth-6200
Home reality of Captain Wales of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-6215
Home reality of the League of Losers.
Earth-6216
Reality where the Death's Head 3.0 robots were originally created
Earth-6297
Home reality of Zarrko the Tomorrow Man
Earth-6309
Home reality of Skrull Lord (Super-Skrull) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-6311 (Other Earth)
Reality where the Dark Ages never occurred and technology was advanced by 1000 years.
Home reality of Kang/Scarlet Centurion/Rama-Tut/Immortus/Iron Lad and Terminatrix
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-6375
Home reality of the Spider-Man 2099 that joined the Exiles.
The Exiles chased Proteus of Earth-58163 to Earth-928 (the original 2099 reality), and his actions there caused the timeline to diverge into a new reality - Earth-6375
Earth-6466
Home reality of Major Deadpool
Deadpool Corps: Rank and Foul
Earth-6606
Home reality of Chieftain Justice (T'Challa) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-6706
Home reality of Exiles Gambit - son of Namor and Invisible Woman
Earth-6871
Inhabitants besides others: Mimic, Captain America,
Earth-6943
Earth-6966
In this reality Earth was ruled by The Overlord
Earth-7044
Home reality of a zombie version of Spider-Ham
Earth-7123
Home reality of Lord Goldstar of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-7124
Reality where Magneto is the ruler of earth
Earth-7305
Home reality of Will of the People (Killraven) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-7412
This reality was created by the merging of Earth-715 and Earth-74101
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-7414
Home reality of Prince Wayfinder and the Enigma Force
Earth-7484
Home reality of Deathlok (Luther Manning).
Earth-7511 (Fragmented America)
Home reality of Black Lama
Earth-7528
Home reality of Magus
Earth-7580
Home reality of Captain Prydain of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-7592
Earth-Interface
Earth-7613
Reality destroyed by the Time-Twisters
Earth-7635
Reality similar to Earth-7613, but not destroyed by the Time-Twisters
Earth-7712
Home-reality of a Fantastic Four with different powers and different codenames: Big Brain (Reed Richards), Dragonfly (Ben Grimm), Mandroid (Johnny Storm) and Ultra-Woman (Susan Richards).
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-7888 (Earth-M/Earth-Moebius)
Reality based on a Silver Surfer movie script by Stan Lee. Home reality of Ardina, a clone of Shalla Bal powered by Galactus
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-7940
Galactus consumes Earth, Red Skull rules over barren Earth.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-8009
New home of Thundra after the destruction of Earth-715
Earth-8101
Reality of Marvel Apes.
Earth-8107
Home reality of Videoman
Earth-8110
Reality where Scarlet Centurion fought the Avengers and lost
Earth-8149
Home reality Polaris of the Exiles
Earth-8158
Home reality of the Z'nox
Earth-8180
Reality where the Crimson Mage separated Ghost Rider from Johnny Blaze and possessed the Ghost Rider body.
Earth-8206
Reality where Adam II is ruler of Earth
Earth-8208
Home reality of the Chosen Ones (alternate Young Gods)
Earth-8212
Home reality of Reed Richards' Rocket Group, a non-powered version of the Fantastic Four
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-8222
Thing is a villain, the other Fantastic Four members accidentally get depowered.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-8280
Reality where the X-Men fight Belasco and get trapped in Limbo
First got an Earth designation in: Marvel Zombies: The Book of Angels, Demons & Various Monstrosities (Belasco entry)
Earth-8311 (Larval Earth)
Home reality of anthropomorphic parody version of Marvel characters such as Spider-Ham, Captain Americat and Ducktor Doom
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-8312
Reality where Susan Storm dies in labor and Reed Richards commits suicide
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-8321
Reality where The Thing is a monster and Bill Foster is a member of Fantastic Four
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-8386
Home Reality of Hero of the Day
Earth-8396
Home reality of Venger
Earth-8410 (2020 A.D.)
Home reality of Death's Head II, Evelyn Necker, Death Wreck, Wild Thing (Nikki Doyle), Machine Man 2020 and Iron Man 2020 who joined the Heralds
Earth-8413
Home reality of Gotowar Konanegg (Ka-Zar) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-8545 (Legacy Planet)
Reality where all but a handful of superhumans are transformed by Warlock's techno-organic virus.
Home reality of Power Fist (Lucas Cage) that was recruited into Earth- 91172 Quentin Quire's Exiles.
Earth-8591
The reality of Kulan Gath's reality warp
Earth-8649
Reality the Exiles were sent to kill Jean Grey
Earth-8657
Reality where Kang dies instead of Ravonna.
Earth-8710
Home Reality of Dargo Ktor
Earth-8720
Reality where earth is ruled by Sentinels
Earth-8810
Reality where Galactus and the Black Celestial created the time bubble
Earth-8823
Home reality of (Scarlet) Witch of the Exiles
Earth-8908
Home reality of the Nth Man
Earth-8910
Home reality of Cap'n Brit of the Captain Britain Corps. Destroyed by Galactus and transformed into dead rocks, the Earth-8910 is restored to its previous status by the Impossible Man. Curiosity, there's a small secondary moon orbiting around the main Earth satellite.
Earth-8912
Home reality of Iron Man (Andros Stark) who along with Dr. Doom tried to conquer Earth, but they were stopped by Merlyn.
Earth-9006
Home reality of Lady London of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-9010
Reality where Dr. Strange and Marjorie Brink fought the K'hylthri
Earth-9011
Reality where a powerless Fantastic Four fights Dr. Doom.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-9019
Reality where the world is a full-scale race track, and ultra-technologic cars are fighting to be the champion. In this reality the pilot Brian Braddock (Captain Britain) was killed in a car accident by his brother Jamie Braddock.
Earth-9031
Reality where all of the Fantastic Four get Human Torch´s fire powers
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-9032
Reality where all of the Fantastic Four get Mr. Fantastic´s stretching powers
Earth-9033
Reality where all of the Fantastic Four gets the Thing´s powers and appearance and live on Monster Island
Earth-9034
Reality where all of the Fantastic Four get Invisible Woman´s invisibility powers and works for S.H.I.E.L.D.
Earth-9055
Home reality of Kenneth Proudstar.
Earth-9061
Reality where Russia is the dominant nation and uses a Stalin robot.
Earth-9105 (Forever Yesterday)
Reality where the United States of Assyria is the worlds dominating super-power
Earth-9106
Home reality of Officer Saxon (Peter Hunter) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-9111
Home reality of Sister Gaia of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-9112
Home reality of a Rachel Summers that was possessed by the Shadow King
Earth-9140
Reality where Wolverine is a vampire and gets killed by the Punisher
Earth-9200 (Dystopia)
Reality where Maestro rules the world and most other superhumans were killed
Earth-9201
Home reality of Magdalene of the Gatherers
Earth-9208
Timestream from Earth-7484 was sent to this reality
Earth-9212
Reality the Exiles went to stop a bank robbery and got to spend some time as vacation
Earth-9250
Reality where Wolverine is a vampire and kills the Punisher
Earth-9260
Reality were Seth conquers Asgard and makes Thor his thrall.
Earth-9261 (Londonium)
Reality where the Romans conquered earth. Motormouth was sent here on a mission.
Earth-9272 (Mega Mall)
Earth-9309
Home reality of Thanatos (Rick Jones)
Earth-9324
Home reality of Grandmaster Ravonna
Earth-9339 (Irth)
Home reality of Ghath, Ibic and Khaos among others
Earth-9411
Reality of of Panini's Spectacular Spider-Man
Earth-9413
Reality of the Path of Righteousness
Earth-9445
Earth-9500
Home reality of Spider-Man 2211 and Hobgoblin 2211
Earth-9510
Reality where the Fantastic Four are Hulk, Wolverine, Spider-Man and Ghost Rider
Earth-9511
Reality where captured super-villains were executed by the government
Earth-9528
Home reality of Cybermancer
Earth-9561
Home reality of Nocturne (Graham Poldark)
Earth-9575
Home reality of the Red Queen (Jean Grey) who became ruler of Earth-998. She was destroyed by X-Man of Earth-295.
Earth-9586
Home reality of Friar Albion (Pete Wisdom) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-9602 ( Amalgam)
This reality was created by merging Earth-616 with the DC universe.
Erroneously numbered Earth-962 in Marvel Encyclopedia: Fantastic Four
Earth-9684
Fitzroy kills Bishop, Shard goes on a mutant killing spree; humanity follows her example.
Earth-9620
Days of Future Tense
Earth-9722
Reality where Hulk killed Maestro
Earth-9809
Home reality of Caledonia of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-9811 (Battleworld)
Reality where those sent to Battleworld in Secret War never left, and had children.
Earth-9812
Reality where the Avengers Galactic Battalion conquers the universe.
Earth-9870
Reality where Cable dies and Aliya lives
Earth-9890
Home reality of Privateer Albion of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-9891
Home reality of Dream Summers
Earth-9892
Home reality of a Ravonna that was killed by Kang
Earth-9904
Reality where the Avengers are formed in 1950. The members were: Jimmy Woo, Venus, Gorilla Man, Human Robot, 3-D Man and Marvel Boy. This reality was erased by Immortus during the Destiny War.
Earth-9907
Reality where Dr. Doom rules the earth.
Earth-9910
Reality where Chronomancer (Trevor Fitzroy) rules the earth.
Earth-9921
Home reality of New Son (Gambit)
Earth-9922
Reality where the Shi'ar rules the earth
Earth-9927
Reality where Morph and Sasquatch fought a renegade Wolverine
Earth-9930
Reality where Jocasta and Machine Man had a child. The Avengers are Killraven, Jocasta, Thundra, Black Panther, Living Lightning and Crimson Dynamo.
Earth-9939 (Earth-Charnel)
Home reality of Charnel and the X-Saviours
Earth-9997 ( Earth X)
Reality where all humans has been mutated by the Inhumans Terrigen Mists, Franklin Richards is Galactus and X-51 (Machine Man) becomes earth's new Watcher.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-10101
Home reality of Vision of Weapon X
Earth-10330
Home reality of Kidpool
Deadpool Corps: Rank and Foul
Earth-11113
Home reality of Five for the Future who were; Mr. Fixit, Mr. Strange, Mr. Feral, Mr. Grimm and Mr. Mist Nelson.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths entry)
Earth-11993
Reality where Barbara Ketch is the Ghost Rider
Earth-12591
Reality where Nazi-Zombies have taken over the world
Earth-14845
Reality where the Exiles fought Impossible Man
Earth-15104 (Here Comes Tomorrow)
Future reality where Beast, possessed by Sublime, tries to take over the world
Earth-15731
An alternate New Universe. Spitfire of this reality was recruited into Earth- 91172 Quentin Quire's Exiles.
Earth-200111 (MAX)
Alternate universe where the superheroes don't exist, and some of the famous characters bring forward their missions of life (Nick Fury, Punisher);
Earth-20051 ( Marvel Adventures)
The reality where the Marvel Adventures series of comics are set. It has many of the same characters and heroes as Earth-616, but is more lighthearted and designed for an All Ages audience.
Earth-20152
Reality where the members of the rock band Kiss has super powers.
Earth-20476
Bruce Banner of Earth-616 traveled back in time to prevent his transforming to Hulk, and by doing this a divergent timeline was created - Earth-20476
Earth-20604
Reality where Thor is president
Earth-21989 (Marvel Babies)
Home reality of Widdle Avengers
Earth-21993
Reality where Cable kills the X-Men and Magneto took over the United States.
Earth-22110
Home reality of Rifleman (Lance Hunter) of Captain Britain Corps.
Earth-23238
Home reality of Justicer Bull of the Captain Britain Corps
Earth-23895
Home reality of Storm of Weapon X
Earth-26292
Reality where the Exiles unknowingly averted an invasion of the Shi'ar
Earth-27536
Reality where the Exiles battled Sinister Six
Earth-27537
Reality where the Exiles battled Serpent Society
Earth-27538
Reality where the Exiles battled Hellfire Club
Earth-29007
After Beyonder transported all super powered individuals to Battleworld, the secret war was not so secret.
Earth-31916 (Supreme Power)
Home reality of an alternate Squadron Supreme
Earth-32000 (Ages of Apocalypse)
Alternate Age of Apocalypse
Earth-33629
Grandmaster of Earth-1815 traveled to this reality and formed his own team of Exiles consisting of this Earths Mimic to battle the original Exiles.
Earth-37072
Reality where the Exiles fought Kulan Gath and Zarathos
Earth-40800
Home reality of Comet Pierce
Earth-41001
In a future, various X-groups fought major foes.
Earth-41483
Reality where the Punisher is a female
Earth-45828 (Razorline)
Home reality of Ectokid, Hokum & Hex, Saint Sinner and Hyperkind.
Earth-46991
Divergent Earth-7901.
Earth-50211
Home reality of Albert & Elsie-Dee that joined the All-Wolverine Exiles team
Earth-57780
Home reality of Jennifer of the Jungle
Earth-58163 ( House of M)
This reality is where the House of M storyline took place, in a world where Homo Superior reigned supreme and it was the Homo Sapiens that were considered inferior.
This reality is an altered Earth-616 where the Scarlet Witch has granted everyone their desires so that they can be truly happy. And none of the Earth-616 natives remember this.
The key to saving all those who have fallen prey to Wanda is the mysterious young girl, Layla Miller who remembers everything and has the power to restore one's memory of their Earth-616 life.
Earth-59462
Home reality of Sky Captain of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-59468
Home reality of Flight Leader of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-60672
Reality of Colossus the Super Computer
Earth-61029
Forge's wife, Ororo, and two children, Orora and Naze killed by Nimrod.
Earth-70518
Reality where earth was devastated by a non-ending war that began in 1914.
Home reality of Albion (Bran Bardic) of Captain Britain Corps. He is one of the few members of the Corps that chose the Sword of Might over the Amulet of Right.
Earth-74101 (Machus)
All men are barbarians and the women are slaves. Home reality of Mahkizimo.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-78411 (Dinosaur world)
Home reality of Devil Dinosaur and Moon Boy.
Earth-82432
This reality was destroyed by Korvac using the Ultimate Nullifier
Earth-82801
Parody reality where Reed Richards sent four bananas up in the spaceship, and those bananas got the powers of the Fantastic Four.
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-83234
Reality where Howard the Duck does not exist, and all his friends have better lives.
Earth-88194 (Shadowline)
Home reality of Terror Inc. and Dr. Zero. Superhumans are called Shadows
Earth-88292
Storm became an air traffic controller but the stress of her job caused her to create thunderstorms that downed planes.
Earth-89112
Reality where the X-Men lost during Inferno, earth got invaded by Demons, and the reality was almost erased by the Living Tribunal.
Earth-89947
Home reality of Enforcer Capone of Captain Britain Corps
Earth-90110
Ultravision (Utopia) Home reality of Irondroid
Earth-90111
Ultravision (Dystopia)
Earth-90651
Home reality of Sprout
Earth-91111
Invisible Woman dies in second child-birth, the child - Suzy, becomes a monster, Franklin Richards sends her to the Negative Zone
Earth-91112
Second Child of Mr. Fantastic and Invisible woman, Mary, brings global peace.
Earth-91127
Reality where nearly all super-humans are killed by Hulk and the Annihilation Wave. Quentin Quire from this reality forms his own team of Exiles, unknowingly helped by Blink and Sabretooth.
Earth-92800
What if Storm had stayed a thief in Cairo instead of going to Kenya when she was a teenager?
Earth-93060 (the Ultraverse)
Home reality of Prime, Mantra, Lord Pumpkin, Hardcase, Night Man, Sludge and Rune among others.
Earth-93091 (Odexis)
Reality where Kang and Revelation (Terminatrix) rules earth
Earth-93112
Home reality of Maxam
Earth-93122
Home reality of Dredge
Earth-93246
Cable kills X-Men, Magneto takes over USA.
Earth-93411
Home reality of Sabra of the Seven Seas and Qaar Goth.
Earth-94040
Scott and Jean got married early .
Earth-94831
Almost all mutants have been wiped out; Storm creates a sanctuary called Storm City .
Earth-95120
Variant Earth-295.
Earth-95121
Reality where Red Ghost and the Super-Apes became the Fantastic Four
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-95122
Reality where the Fantastic Four has different powers
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-96020
Home reality of the teenage Tony Stark that replaced Earth-616 Iron Man
Earth-97102
Parody reality
Earth-98120
Home reality of Ely, son of Songbird and Genis-Vell
Earth-98125
Home reality of a Captain Britain who chose both the Sword of Might and the Amulet of Right
Earth-98151
Reality where Authority (Tito Mendez) rules the universe.
Earth-98702
Scarlet Centurion tricked X-Men into hunting superheroes; reality destroyed by Kang's Time Arrow .
Earth-99062
Home reality of the Mini-Marvels
Earth-99461 (Dino-World)
Reality where everyone are dinosaurs. Home reality of Britannicus Rex of Captain Britain Corps
Fantastic Four (Alternate Earths appendix)
Earth-103173
Home reality of Dogpool.
Deadpool Corps: Rank and Foul
Earth-105709
The X-Men died on their first mission. The new X-Men were Beast, Wolfsbane, Thunderbird, Namorita and Siryn
Earth-120185 (Transformers)
This is the reality of at least the Marvel version of the Transformers.
Earth-148611 (New Universe)
Reality where a select few people were given super-powers in an astronomical phenomenon called the White Event. These people became known as Paranormals.Home reality of Starbrand, Nightmask, Justice, Spitfire, Mark Hazzard, Psi-Force and DP7 among others.
Earth-187319
Reality where the Fantastic Four are actually called the Four Fantastic consisting of Dr. Doom, Invisible Woman, Human
Earth-523004
What If...Magneto & Professor X Had Formed the X-Men Together?
Earth-818793 (Army of Darkness)
Reality of Dynamite Comics' Army of Darkness comics. Home reality of Ashley J. Williams
Earth-901237
Reality where the Exiles fought Hulk
Earth-989112
New York permanently turned into Savage Land.
Earth-1789002
Initiative was a success, Reed Richards created a serum that gave powers to anyone who wanted them.
_______
There are also many realities that hasn't gotten a numerical designation as of yet, such as the Microverse and the Mojoverse. It was indicated in the Exiles that the Mojoverse and all of its native inhabitants are unique, and unlike all other known realities there are no alternate counterparts.
Places outside of the numbered realm:
The Exiles operates in and outside of any reality. Their base, the Panoptichron, or the Crystal Palace as it's also called, is said to exist outside of time and space.
The M'Kraan Crystal which is a Nexus of Realities. The insides of the M'Kraan Crystal is also said to exist outside of time and space.- Writer
- Actor
- Producer
Al Milgrom was born on 6 March 1950 in Detroit, Michigan, USA. He is a writer and actor, known for LEGO DC Super Hero Girls: Super-villain High (2018), Him (1984) and Justice League Action Shorts (2017).SELF- Ann Nocenti is a veteran comic book writer and editor from New York City. As a writer, she is primarily remembered as the main writer for "Daredevil" vol. 1 #236-291 (1986-1991), "Catwoman" vol. 3 (2012-2014), and "Katana" (2013-2014). She has written stories for several other characters, including (among others) Spider-Woman, Doctor Strange, Nightmare, Spider-Man, and Venom. As an editor, Nocenti is primarily remembered for serving as an editor for both the "Uncanny X-Men" and the "New Mutants" from 1984 to 1988.
Nocenti has created several recurring characters for Marvel Comics. Her most popular creations include the tyrant and slave-master Mojo (portrayed as a parody of television executives), the young demon Blackheart (a son of the hell-lord Mephisto), the dimension-traveling sorceress Spiral/Rita Wayword, the pyrokinetic assassin Typhoid Mary/Mary Walker (both a love interest and a foe for Daredevil), the rebel leader Longshot (a love interest for Dazzler), the Inhuman prince Ahura Boltagon (a son of the heroes Black Bolt and Medusa), and the cyborg assassin Bushwacker/Carl Burbank (a recurring foe for Daredvil and the Punisher).
Nocenti was interested in comic books as a child, though her parents allowed her access to few series of the time. She liked teenage humor stories by Archie Comics, but thought that "bad girl" Veronica Lodge was a smarter and more enjoyable character than her "good girl" rival Betty Cooper. Nocenti loved reprints of the satirical comic strip "Pogo" (1948-1975) by Walt Kelly. Nocenti also enjoyed reprints of the detective-themed comic strip "Dick Tracy" (1931-) by Chester Gould. She found the strip's "grotesque" and deformed villains to be fascinating, and thought that the strip's heroes were comparatively bland. Nocenti never had access to superhero comics.
Nocenti received her college education at the "State University of New York at New Paltz", a public university which had its own art education program. As a college student, Nocenti found herself interested in the underground comix of Robert Crumb. They were representative of the values of the counterculture movement of the 1960s. Following her graduation from college, Nocenti replied to a Marvel Comics ad for new personnel. She was hired as an assistant editor by the editor Dennis O'Neil (1939-2020).
From 1982 to 1984, Nocenti primarily worked as an assistant editor for various Marvel titles. She variously worked under the supervision of the editors Al Milgrom, Carl Potts, and Louise Jones. She was also interested in writing her own stories. Her debut story was published in a 1982 issue of the anthology title "Bizarre Adventures".
Nocenti's first regular writing assignment was to write the final few issues of a series featuring the superheroine Spider-Woman/Jessica Drew. Since Nocenti was aware that the series was ending due to a decline in its sales, she decided to write a storyline which ended with Jessica's death. She came to regret this decision, as she realized that the readers had a "personal attachment" to the character. Nocenti served as a story consultant to an Avengers storyline which featured the resurrection of Spider-Woman.
Nocenti served as the solo writer of the miniseries "Beauty and the Beast" (1984-1985). It served as a spotlight for the mutant superheroes Dazzler/Alison Blaire and Beast/Hank McCoy. The series depicted them as lovers, and portrayed Dazzler as an outcast, following the end of her acting career. These subplots were not followed by other writers.
Nocenti created Longshot and his original cast of friends and foes in the eponymous miniseries "Longshot" (1985-1986). She used atypical influences for a comic book writer, crediting the works of Marshall McLuhan, Noam Chomsky, Edward S. Herman and Walter Lippmann for inspiring aspects of the series. Nocenti was pursuing her master's degree at the time, and figured that some of the texts available to her would make great material for a comic book story.
In 1986, Nocenti was asked to contribute a story to the series "Daredevil". The series had no regular writer at the time, following the end of long runs by Dennis O'Neil and Frank Miller. Two issues later, Nocenti was assigned as the series' new main writer. She took the series to a new direction, with the character Daredevil/Matt Murdock running a non-profit urban legal center. Nocenti's stories for the series often explored social issues, such as "sexism, racism, and nuclear proliferation". Nocenti continued writing the title until 1991, and she became the series "longest-running regular writer". She was then replaced by Daniel G. Chichester, who tried to conclude several of the series' long-running subplots.
From 1993 to 1994, Nocenti wrote the series "Kid Eternity" for Vertigo Comics. The series featured a revamped version of the Golden Age character Kid Eternity/Christopher "Kit" Freeman, who could summon demons to assist him in conflicts. For Marvel, Nocenti wrote 1990s miniseries for the villains Typhoid Mary (which she had created years earlier) and Nightmare. Nightmare had been a long-established demonic villain, who could manipulate subconscious minds of dreaming beings. Nocenti worked on the first attempt to turn him into a villain protagonist and to provide him with his own supporting cast.
In 1996, Nocenti wrote two issues of "The All-New Exiles" for Malibu Comics. The series focused on a misfit cast of villains and antiheroes who were forced to join forces after finding themselves collectively blamed for a mysterious disaster in New York City. They had to clear their names and discover what had actually caused the disaster. Nocenti's issues focused on a treacherous ally of the team, who was manipulating teammates Amber Hunt and Siena Blaze into fighting each other. The series only lasted for 11 issues, with its storyline resolved in a crossover title. This was Nocenti's last work for Marvel and its imprints during the 1990s.
During the 1990s, Nocenti started a new career as a journalist. She eventually placed her comic book work in hiatus, in order to pursue new career opportunities. She worked as a writer for the political magazine "The Nation" (1865-), while publishing articles in several other publications. In 2004, Nocenti became the new editor of the monthly magazine "High Times" (1974-).
In 2004, Nocenti started regularly writing for DC Comics. She wrote several stories for the Batman-related comic books. She published the graphic novel "Batman/Poison Ivy: Cast Shadows" (2004). The story had the hero Batman/Bruce Wayne and the female villain Poison Ivy/Pamela Lillian Isley teaming up for a case. Nocenti placed emphasis on Ivy's redeeming qualities, and hinted that Ivy's long-term attraction to Batman was based on genuine emotional needs, rather than mere lust.
In 2004, Nocenti wrote a two-part miniseries about Catwoman/Selina Kyle. In 2012, she was assigned as the main writer in a rebooted version of Catwoman's solo series. She continued writing the series until 2014. Nocenti contributed a Catwoman story to the anthology collection "Catwoman 80th Anniversary 100-Page Super Spectacular" (2020). The anthology celebrated the completion of 80 years of stories about the popular villain and antihero.
By 2022, Nocenti was 65-years-old. She has never fully retired from comic book writing, but she has mostly contributed stories to anthologies and miniseries in recent years. She has had a fan following due to her interesting takes on several established characters, and her own creation of eccentric characters.SELF - Archie Goodwin was born on 8 September 1937 in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. He was a writer, known for Luke Cage (2016), The Defenders (2017) and Batman: Black and White (2008). He died on 1 March 1998 in New York, USA.SELF
- Writer
- Animation Department
- Additional Crew
Bill Mantlo was born on 9 November 1951 in Brooklyn, New York, USA. Bill is a writer, known for Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Bill has been married to Karen Pocock since 1974. They have two children.SELF- Writer
- Actor
- Additional Crew
Chris Claremont was born on 25 November 1950 in Ealing, London, England, UK. He is a writer and actor, known for X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006) and X-Men: Dark Phoenix (2019).SELF- Writer
- Art Department
- Additional Crew
David Emmett Cockrum was born in Pendleton, Oregon, on November 12, 1943. He grew up loving comic books with the ambition to become a comic-book creator himself, and later become a professional comic book illustrator who in the mid-1970s helped invent a dynamic new look and intriguing new characters for the moribund "X-Men" comics, paving the way for what became America's most popular comic books and a billion-dollar movie empire.
Following his school graduation, Cockrum joined the United States Navy for six years. After his discharge in the early 1970s, Mr. Cockrum moved to New York, where he worked as an inker, who refines the art of the original artist, called a penciller. He did this for Murphy Anderson, who created the modern look of Superman, Batman, Flash and other characters at DC Comics. Clifford Meth, who has written extensively about comic-book art, said Mr. Cockrum created a new look for superheroes, featuring wide shoulder lapels, big belts and buccaneer boots.
DC made him the first artist, or penciller, in redefining the DC team the Legion of Super-Heroes. His costumes and style for the group persisted into the 1980s. After a dispute with DC, Mr. Cockrum moved to its arch-competitor, Marvel. Though the company contended it owed him nothing because he worked as freelancer, it paid him $200,000 and royalties for one character, Nightcrawler, his earliest, according to The Comics Journal. The terms were not officially revealed. While not confirming or denying the $200,000 figure, Mr. Adams said Mr. Cockrum deserved more. "They took his characters and made an industry out of them," he said.
He worked less often as his health deteriorated, and died due to complications from diabetes.SELF- Flo Steinberg was born on 17 March 1939 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. She died on 23 July 2017 in the USA.SELF
- Actor
- Writer
- Producer
Dana Snyder is an actor, comedian, producer, writer and voice actor originally from Easton, PA. He is most known for voicing Master Shake in Aqua Teen Hunger Force and The Alchemist in The Venture Bros, both on Adult Swim. He's voiced a megalomaniacal egg, an evil bunny, a galactic gangster somewhere far, far away, a mammoth who runs a fruit stand, several different aliens, a koala with narcolepsy, and two, count em' two different grandmas! He loves his job!Forbush Man / Irving Forbush- Actor
- Writer
- Producer
Jim Gaffigan is a six-time Grammy nominated comedian, actor, writer, producer, two-time New York Times best-selling author, three-time Emmy winning top touring performer, and multi-platinum-selling recording artist. He is known around the world for his unique brand of humor, which largely revolves around his observations on life. A top ten earning comedian according to Forbes' 2019 comedy list, Jim recently released his 9th stand-up special, Comedy Monster, on Netflix. He was also recently awarded for being the first comedian to reach one billion streams on Pandora.
Up next, Gaffigan will be seen as the lead in the Sci-Fi drama Linoleum, which will premiere at SXSW in 2022, and will star as Mr. Smee in Disney's Peter Pan and Wendy, opposite Jude Law's Captain Hook He was also recently heard in Disney/Pixar's highly anticipated film, Luca, opposite Jacob Tremblay and Maya Rudolph.
On the silver screen, his many credits include Three Kings, Super Troopers 1 & 2, and Chappaquiddick. 2019 was Gaffigan's biggest year to date with an astonishing eight films releasing, three which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival including Troop Zero with Viola Davis and Alison Janney, Them That Follow and Light From Light - with many festival goers and press calling Gaffigan the "King of Sundance." Gaffigan also had two films recently in which he debuted as the lead. The comedic film Being Frank, and American Dreamer, a dark thriller which was the grand finale of 2019 for Jim and features him as a ride share driver who moonlights as a private driver for a drug dealer. Both films are now available for download. Gaffigan can also be seen opposite Ethan Hawke in IFC Films Tesla, as well as opposite Josh Hartnett in Saban Films Most Wanted.
In addition to two seasons of the critically acclaimed semi-autobiographical The Jim Gaffigan Show, which he wrote and produced with his wife Jeannie, and his widely popular stand-up comedy specials, Gaffigan has guest starred on many television comedies and dramas, ranging from Portlandia and Bob's Burgers to the HBO cult hits Flight of the Concords to dramatic roles in Law & Order. Gaffigan regularly does humorous commentaries on CBS Sunday Morning for which he has won 3 Emmys. In 2018 Jim served as master of ceremony at The Al Smith Memorial dinner. In 2015, Gaffigan had the great honor of performing for Pope Francis and over 1 million festival attendees at the Festival of Families in Philadelphia. Gaffigan starred on Broadway with Brian Cox, Kieffer Sutherland, Chris Noth and Jason Patric in That Championship Season.
Gaffigan and his wife currently live in Manhattan with their five loud and expensive children.OR- Writer
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Gerry got his start as a writer of comic books at age fifteen. He created _The Punisher_ for Marvel Comics in 1972. In recent years, he's written for film and television, and has written and produced for Father Dowling Mysteries (1989) (ABC, 1990-91) and Under Suspicion (1994) (CBS, 1994-95).]SELF- Writer
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Jack "The King" Kirby was an influential comic book writer and artist, particularly famous for creating or co-creating some of the most famous characters for both DC Comics and Marvel Comics.
In 1917, Kirby was born under the name "Jacob Kurtzberg" on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. He was a son of garment factory worker Benjamin Kurtzberg and his wife Rose Bernstein. Both his parents were Austrian-Jewish immigrants.
He developed an interest in drawing at an early age. He was mostly self-taught as an artist, having started by studying newspaper artwork from comic strip artists and political cartoonists. He cited among his main influences comic strip artists Milton Caniff (1907-1988), Hal Foster (1892-1982), and Alex Raymond (1909-1956), who were all pioneers of the adventure genre in comic strips. His professional name "Jack Kirby" was possibly chosen in reference to Rollin Kirby (1875-1952), an influential political cartoonist, who had won three Pulitzer Prizes in the 1920s.
At age 14, Kirby enrolled in Pratt Institute, a prestigious school for illustrators. He dropped out early. According to Kirby, his personal philosophy did not agree with that of the school. He was interested in producing quantities of artwork at a rapid rate and "get things done", while the Institute taught students to devote large amounts of time to a single piece of artwork.
After publishing a few works in outlets for amateur artists, Kirby entered the world of professional cartooning in 1936. He was hired by the Lincoln Newspaper Syndicate to work on comic strips and advice cartoons. He stayed there until 1939. He then briefly joined the field of animation and was hired by the Fleischer Studios. He worked as an in-betweener in animated shorts, drawing intermediate frames between two images to give the appearance that the first image evolves smoothly into the second image. He quit after a short period, feeling dissatisfied with the factory-like conditions at Fleischer.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the comic book medium was taking off and there were many available positions for writers and artists interested in working in the medium. Kirby soon joined the staff at the Eisner and Iger Studio, working under co-founders Will Eisner and Jerry Iger. The Studio was one of a number of pioneering companies selling completed comic book stories and artwork to the fledgling publishing companies of the time. Under various pseudonyms, Kirby contributed artwork to series in various genres, including humor, science fiction, swashbucklers, and Westerns.
The Eisner and Iger Studio dissolved for uncertain reasons by 1940. By that time comic book publishing companies were starting to hire writers and artists directly, instead of simply buying stories. Kirby found work at one of the publishers of the time, Fox Features Syndicate. Kirby's first superhero stories were Blue Beetle stories. He was not credited as an artist, the credit going to the non-existent "Charles Nicholas".
While working at Fox, Kirby was acquainted with Joe Simon. Simon was producing stories for various publishers and had recently created a superhero called Blue Bolt for Novelty Press. He had seeking for a partner to work on the second issue of Blue Bolt and was impressed enough with Kirby's work to offer him the partnership. Kirby accepted and the duo ended up working together for the following decades.
Simon was soon hired as an editor for Timely Comics (later renamed to Marvel Comics) and was also interested in contributing stories. He had the idea for a new patriotic superhero and managed to convince Timely publisher Martin Goodman that the new hero would work as the star of a solo comic book. This was at the time rare, since most comic book characters were featured in anthology titles. Once securing a publisher, Simon asked Kirby to join him in working on the character. The new character was called Captain America and debuted in 1941. Despite its strong similarities to an earlier MLJ Comics character called The Shield, Captain America became the most successful of the two characters and the fist two issues of his title were major best sellers of the comic book medium. This helped establish co-creators Simon and Kirby among the most famous comic creators of the time.
Despite the commercial success of Captain America, Kirby was not paid more than the average comic book artist of the time: 75 dollars per week. He and Simon continued working on the Captain America series until issue #10 while secretly negotiating a deal with another publisher. An early incarnation of DC Comics was offering them a combined weekly salary of 500 dollars if they switched publishers. The switch was formalized by 1942.
At first DC was uncertain on what work to assign Simon and Kirby. After a few minor assignments, they were asked to contribute their own story ideas. The duo soon took over the already established Sandman series featured in Adventure Comics and revamped the character. They also created a new version of the Manhunter, this time as a superhero. Kirby and Simon wanted to name the character "Rick Nelson", but the editor changed the name to "Paul Kirk", essentially naming him after an earlier character called Paul Kirk, Manhunter.
Simon and Kirby found more success with a non-superhero idea. They created the Boy Commandos, a combination of the "kid gang" concept that was already established in comic books, this time with a then-modern war setting. The Commandos soon became one of the most popular DC series of their time, graduated to their own title, and reportedly sold "over a million copies each month". In their heyday, the commandos were the third highest selling characters DC had in its stable. Only Superman and Batman actually sold more.
Besides the Boy Commandos, Simon and Kirby co-created another "kid gang" for DC: the Newsboy Legion. While never as popular as the Commandos, they became the feature characters of Star-Spangled Comics and were considered a hit in their own right.
Kirby's comic book career had to be put in hiatus in 1943, when he was drafted into the United States Army. While he never took part in any major battle, he was deployed in the European theatre of World War II in 1944. Following the Invasion of Normandy, Kirby was tasked with drawing reconnaissance maps and images of areas which the Army was considering to occupy. He was effectively a military scout and reconnaissance agent, and his work put him at risk. A case of severe frostbite in the winter of 1944-1945 resulted in his hospitalization. There were fears that his feet would have to be amputated for him to survive, though he managed to recover with no amputation necessary. He was discharged from the Army in July, 1945, having been awarded medals for his service.
Following his discharge from the Army, Kirby was reunited with Simon. Simon had spend the majority of the War serving in the United States Coast Guard. They were both looking for a way to return to comic book work, though their old jobs at DC had been taken by other creators. They spend the next several years working for Harvey Comics. For Harvey, the duo created some original characters such, as the superheroes Stuntman (1946) and Captain 3-D (1953). However, these characters were not as popular as their earlier creations.
Besides their relatively steady work for Harvey, Simon and Kirby freelanced for other publishers. Their employers of the time included publishers such as Crestwood Publications and Hillman Periodicals. For Crestwood, Simon and Kirby created one of their greatest hits: Young Romance, the first of the romance comics. At the time traditional comic book genres such as superheroes were in decline and publishers and creators were looking for new ideas. Simon and Kirby noticed that romance magazines of the 1940s sold well and had the idea of adapting the genre to comic books. It worked far better than expected. Young Romance and its spin-off series Young Love continued to sell millions of copies for years.
Due to the "follow the leader" mentality of comic book publishers of the time, other publishers soon published their own romance comics. Though few managed to successfully compete with the Simon and Kirby created titles, who were considered better in quality than most of their imitators. The success had an effect in the lives of the duo. Simon and Kirby had negotiated a contract which earned them a large percentage from the profits. Kirby earned more money than ever before and was able to purchase a new home for his family.
In 1953-1954, Simon and Kirby were annoyed to find out that Atlas Comics (the then-current name of Marvel Comics) was reviving Captain America. They had never asked for any input from Simon and Kirby to do this, nor offered to rehire them. Seeking for a way to outdo their old creation, the duo created a new superhero called Fighting American (1954) for Crestwood Publications. At first conceived as a serious 1950s take on the old patriotic hero concept, Fighting American's series soon became largely satirical. It never sold well and did not last long, though it has left enough of a mark in the comic book medium to be constantly reprinted and occasionally revived from a relatively high number of publishers.
In late 1953-1954, Simon and Kirby founded their own comic book publishing company: Mainline Publications. At the time the comic book industry was under attack by psychiatrist Fredric Wertham (1895-1981) and politician Estes Kefauver (1903-1963). Many of the older comic book publishers were affected by the controversy and the resulting drop in sales, either getting out of the business or reducing their output. There was still a high demand for new material and Mainline Publications hoped to fill the void left by the demise of the older publishers.
Simon and Kirby's plans for their company turned out to be too optimistic. They published only four titles, all in established genres. They were "Bullseye: Western Scout" (a Western), "Foxhole" (a war comic), "In Love" (a romance comic), and "Police Trap" (a crime comic). None of them was a great success in sales, but they were noticed by Wertham, who used them as exhibits of comic book "filth". At the same time, Simon and Kirby entered into a complex legal battle with Crestwood Publications. They claimed their former employer owed them at least 130,000 dollars, but the case was settled out of court with the payment of only 10,000 dollars. It was not not enough to solve ongoing financial problems for Mainline Publications, which closed in 1956.
The partnership of Simon and Kirby did not survive the demise of their company. Simon was considering leaving the comic book medium altogether and seeking employment as an advertising artist, but Kirby wanted to keep working in his original medium. They parted amiably. Several of the unpublished material for Mainline Publications was sold to Charlton Comics. Kirby was left with an unused idea for a new team of adventurers. He would continue developing the idea over the following year, and eventually sell it to DC Comics. It was the the earliest incarnation of Challengers of the Unknown, though Kirby did not stay with DC long enough to further develop it.
From 1956 to 1958, Kirby was producing freelance work for DC Comics and Atlas Comics (Marvel Comics), mostly as a writer and penciller, and occasionally as an inker. He contributed stories for characters such as the Green Arrow and the Yellow Claw, though he did not create any major characters of his own. His take on Green Arrow was considered controversial, as Kirby included more science-fiction themes in the stories and was trying to revamp the character. Green Arrow co-creator Mort Weisinger reportedly hated Kirby's concept for the character.
In addition to comic books, Kirby co-created a comic strip called "Sky Masters of the Space Force" (1958). It was a science fiction comic book set in the near-future. It was a minor hit but got Kirby in a legal dispute with Jack Schiff, editor of DC. Schiff had helped bring Kirby in contact with his collaborators for the comic strip. He claimed that Kirby owed him a share of the strip's profits. The matter was settled in court and Schiff won the trial. This helped severe Kirby's relations with DC, and he soon quit the comic strip as well.
In late 1958, Kirby started producing more work for Atlas Comics (Marvel Comics). For various reasons Atlas had lost much of its creative personnel and there was a need for the remaining staff to increase its productivity. Kirby decided he could use some extra money and started mass producing art for Atlas. He became arguably the most prolific artist of the company, with his artwork appearing in almost any ongoing title. His best-remembered production from this time involved anthology stories for Atlas' series of supernatural-fantasy and science fiction titles. They were minor hits of their time and considered classics by later Marvel artists and readers. Most of his creations were supposed to be one-shot characters, but some of his characters have been revived and have made appearances in several works by other creators. They include characters such as Fin Fang Foom, Groot, and Grottu.
Kirby still did not work exclusively for Atlas. He collaborated with Joe Simon to create two more superheroes for Archie Comics. They were the Fly (1959) and a new incarnation of the Shield, called Lancelot Strong (1959). He also worked for the "Classics Illustrated" comic book series by The Gilberton Company, Inc.
In 1961, Atlas/Marvel editor-in-chief Stan Lee wanted to create a new superhero team to compete with DC's Justice League of America, which was turning out to be a hit. He decided to collaborate with Kirby in creating the team, the result being the Fantastic Four. For the first story of the new team, Lee created a synopsis of what he wanted the story to be like. Kirby then incorporated his own ideas and drew the whole story. Then Lee added his own dialogue to the finished artwork and narrative captions. The finished story was then offered for further inking, coloring, and eventual publication. This was the so-called "Marvel Method" of producing stories, where both co-creators had considerable influence on what was being created.
In later years, both Kirby and Lee would argue over who was the true creator of the Fantastic Four and the driving force behind the series. They both claimed that they came up with most of the concepts and that their collaborator only added relatively insignificant details. A number of comic book historians have tried to determine which version was true, though no definite evidence can be produced. Historian Mark Evanier, who has written a biography of Kirby, has argued that none of the two versions were true. He has argued that the two men were equal collaborators and that the credit for the series belongs to both of them.
The Fantastic Four title became a commercial hit and Kirby was its main artist for the first 102 issues (November, 1961-September, 1970). Atlas/Marvel soon launched a new line of titles, with Kirby serving as an artist for most of them. Besides contributing artwork and plots, Kirby was asked to train other Marvel artists in how to draw the characters. He provided "breakdown" layouts and the other artists would learn to draw based on them. Before long, Kirby's style had become Marvel's new house style. This did not prevent his personal style from further evolving, by incorporating new drawing techniques and other experiments.
In the 1960s, Kirby created or co-created hundreds of major and minor characters for Marvel Comics. Among his major creations were Doctor Doom (1962), the Hulk (1962), Thor (1962), Iron Man (1963), Magneto (1963), Uatu the Watcher (1963), the original X-Men (1963), the Inhumans (1965), the Black Panther (1966), Ego the Living Planet (1966), Galactus (1966), and the Silver Surfer (1966). For some of them Kirby only contributed their debut stories, for others entire runs of featured stories. He also helped revive older characters, such as Captain America, Namor, and Ka-Zar (who was given an entirely different setting and backstory).
By the early 1970s, Kirby felt increasingly dissatisfied with his working relationship with Marvel. He was paid much better than before, earning about 35,000 dollars per year. But he felt that he was not given adequate credit for his own creations, that his plot contributions went mostly uncredited, and that Marvel was earning much more money from characters that he had created. He consequently left Marvel. He was hired by DC Comics, as the result of a deal with editorial director Carmine Infantino.
Kirby's contract with DC, produced in 1970, gave him essentially a free reign as writer and penciller in whatever title he worked on. He soon worked in four inter-connected titles. They were the already established (but low-selling) title Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen (which had no one assigned to it so Kirby could take it over without having someone lose their job) and the new titles New Gods, Mister Miracle, and the Forever People. The concept of the titles became known as Jack Kirby's Fourth World.
The idea for the so-called New Gods had reportedly come to Kirby a few years earlier, while he was working on the "Tales of Asgard" sub-series for Marvel's "Thor" title. He wanted to produce a story about two planets at war with each other and the grand finale would be the Ragnarok ("Twilight of the Gods"), the battle that ends the gods at the finale of Norse mythology. Marvel never allowed him to work on such a story, DC on the other hand did. Kirby came up with the idea of the New Gods born out of the death of the old ones. He soon developed an entirely new mythology for his creations, combining disparate ideas from multiple sources. The scope was epic.
Kirby at first intended to tell a finite story about the New Gods. It would have a start, several chapters, and a definite conclusion. But the titles initially sold too well and DC argued against the idea, wanting the tales to continue indefinitely. Kirby was forced to compromise and the story continued, though sales soon dropped. "New Gods" and the Forever people were canceled in 1972. Mister Miracle continued under Kirby until 1974, though the stories became a bit more conventional.
Though Kirby's take on the New Gods and associated characters was considered a bit too weird for mainstream comics, DC never completely lost interest in the characters. They were revived by later creators, reused for decades, and a few (like Darkseid) went on to play prominent roles in the wider DC multiverse. Meanwhile Kirby went on to work in other series.
The other 1970s DC characters created or co-created by Kirby included Etrigan the Demon (1972), Kamandi (1972), OMAC (1974), a new version of Sandman (1974), Atlas (1975), a new version of Manhunter (1975), the Dingbats of Danger Street (1975) and Kobra (1976). All these characters were considered as series protagonists, and some of them did receive their own title. However, none of them enjoyed long-term success.
In 1975, Marvel Comics announced that Kirby would return to work with them. He was soon producing new runs as sole writer and penciller of "Black Panther" and "Captain America". His most enduring work, however, was in the creation of new series and characters. His best known work was "The Eternals" (1976-1978), a 19-issue series about immortal gods active on modern Earth. It was very similar in concept to the New Gods. The human-looking gods were called Eternals, their demonic looking counterparts were the Deviants, and they were both inferior to the mysterious space gods called the Celestials. The series was never a best-seller but has its dedicated fans. The characters and concepts have been incorporated to the wider Marvel multiverse, with several other creators adding to them over the decades.
Somewhat less ambitious were the rest of the Kirby creations of the 1970s for Marvel. They included Machine Man (1977) and Devil Dinosaur (1978). Each held its own short-lived series, but enduring success eludes them. They still have enough fans to warrant several revivals over the following decades.
Kirby left Marvel in 1978 to return to the field of animation, after an absence of nearly 40 years. He spend much of the late 1970s and 1980s working on television animated series such as "Thundarr the Barbarian" and "The Centurions". Futhermore, Kirby found the experience much more satisfying, considering he was in a senior creative post as production designer and worked with young employees who did the more laborious work of animation. They treated him with far more respect than the people in the comic book industry.
Never satisfied with his lack of creative control over his older creations, Kirby briefly returned to comic books with the creator-owned series "Captain Victory and the Galactic Rangers" (1981-1984). It was intended as his own sequel to the New Gods. The title character, Captain Victory, was implied to be the son and heir of Orion. His supposed grandfather "Blackmaas" was a look-alike of Darkseid.
In the mid-1980s, when the Kenner toy company judged his New Gods villains, like Darkseid, ideal antagonists for the Super Powers Collection toy-line, DC asked Kirby to design the action figure versions for character. He received royalties for the use of his character designs, the only time he was so compensated. He also returned to his characters in the DC graphic novel called The Hunger Dogs!.
In the early 1990s, Kirby licensed his creator owned-characters to Topps Comics. Existing characters and unused Kirby-produced concepts from earlier decades were used for the so-called Kirbyverse line of comic books. Kirby himself did not contribute new work to Topps. He attempted to make a comeback to the comic book medium with a comic book series called "Phantom Force", but died in 1994 before its publication.
Some of Kirby's unpublished work has seen posthumous publication. His creator-owned characters were inherited by his family and have continued to appear in new works by various publishers. The Kirby family has repeatedly attempted to claim partial ownership over Jack Kirby's Marvel creations, though their legal efforts have so far been unsuccessful. The Kirby family has not disputed the ownership of his DC creations.SELF- Writer
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Jim Shooter was born on 27 September 1951 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. He is a writer, known for Faith, Eternal Warrior and Harbinger.SELF- Joe Sinnott was born on 16 October 1926 in New York City, New York, USA. He died on 25 June 2020 in Saugerties, New York, USA.SELF
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John Byrne is known for In the Name of the Father (1993).SELF- Writer
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John Victor Romita Sr. was an American comic book artist best known for his work on Marvel Comics' The Amazing Spider-Man and for co-creating characters including Mary Jane Watson, the Punisher, and Wolverine. Romita was the father of John Romita Jr., also a comic book artist, and the husband of Virginia Romita, for many years Marvel's traffic manager.
His first comics work was in 1949 as a ghost artist for Timely Comics, the precursor to Marvel, through which Romita met editor-in-chief Stan Lee. In 1951, Romita began drawing horror, war, and romance comics for Atlas Comics (previously Timely), and also drew his first superhero work, a 1950s revival of Captain America. He began working exclusively for DC Comics from 1958-1965 and was the artist for many of their romance comics. During these years, Romita further developed his ability to draw beautiful women, which he later became well-known for.
Romita joined Marvel in 1965, initially drawing Daredevil comics. In 1966, Spider-Man artist and co-creator Steve Ditko left Marvel, and Romita was chosen by writer Lee as the new artist for Amazing Spider-Man. Within a year of Romita becoming the Spider-Man artist, The Amazing Spider-Man rose from Marvel's second-best-selling title to the company's top-seller. Romita brought a new romance style to Spider-Man comics that soon became the new house style for the character. In June 1973, Romita was promoted to Marvel's art director and heavily influenced the look of Marvel comics throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
He was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2002SELF- John Severin is known for The Trail of Torben (2016) and Friend or Foe: The Severin Conspiracy (2012).SELF
- Louise Simonson was born on 26 September 1946 in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. She is a writer, known for Steel (1997), Young Justice (2010) and Reign of the Supermen (2019). She has been married to Walter Simonson since 1980. She was previously married to Jeffrey Catherine Jones.SELF
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Marie Severin was born on 21 August 1929 in Nassau, New York, USA. She was a writer, known for Spider-Woman (1979) and Secret Origin: The Story of DC Comics (2010). She died on 29 August 2018 in Massapequa, Long Island, New York, USA.SELF- Mark Gruenwald was born on 18 June 1953 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA. He was a writer, known for Marvel's Midnight Suns (2022), Questprobe: The Hulk (1984) and The Anti Gravity Room (1995). He died on 12 August 1996 in Pawling, New York, USA.SELF
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Marv Wolfman was born on 13 May 1946 in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is a writer and actor, known for Young Justice (2010), Blade II (2002) and Blade: Trinity (2004). He has been married to Noel Wolfman since 16 November 1991.SELF- American comic book editor and writer who has held many positions at Marvel, including executive editor and editor of their popular Ultimates Line. Macchio is commonly associated with the Spider-Man comics.
Macchio began his association with Marvel Comics in the 1970s, primarily because of his many letters published in Marvel comic books. Macchio met writer Don McGregor at a comic book convention, who knowing him from his letters, asked Macchio if he wanted a tour of the Marvel offices. During the tour, Macchio was asked by writer Chris Claremont to interview editor-in-chief Roy Thomas for FOOM (Marvel's self-produced fanzine). During the course of doing the interview, Macchio met many more Marvel employees, and eventually was asked by writer/editor John Warner to join the staff and assist Warner with Marvel's black-and-white magazine line. Macchio agreed, and has been at Marvel ever since.
Early on (in 1981 and 1982), Macchio edited the Dazzler comic. From 1984 through 1995, Macchio was the editor for Daredevil. He also spent long stints on Spider-Man, as well as The Avengers, Thor, Master of Kung Fu, Fantastic Four, and Captain America.
Macchio wrote the scripts for the comic book miniseries of The Sword of Solomon Kane, based on Robert E. Howard's Puritan swordsman. He has also written for The Avengers, Marvel Fanfare, and X-Men Adventures, among others.SELF - Writer
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Roy Thomas was born on 22 November 1940 in Jackson, Missouri, USA. He is a writer and producer, known for Conan the Destroyer (1984), Red Sonja and WandaVision (2021). He has been married to Dann Thomas since 3 May 1981. He was previously married to Jean Thomas.SELF- Producer
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Stan Lee was an American comic-book writer, editor, and publisher, who was executive vice president and publisher of Marvel Comics.
Stan was born in New York City, to Celia (Solomon) and Jack Lieber, a dress cutter. His parents were Romanian Jewish immigrants. Lee co-created Spider-Man, the Hulk, Doctor Strange, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Daredevil, Thor, the X-Men, and many other fictional characters, introducing a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books. In addition, he challenged the comics' industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority, indirectly leading to it updating its policies. Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation.
He had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects, with many yet to come, posthumously. A few of these appearances are self-aware and sometimes reference Lee's involvement in the creation of certain characters.
On 16 July 2017, Lee was named a Disney Legend, a hall of fame program that recognizes individuals who have made an extraordinary and integral contribution to The Walt Disney Company.
Stan was married to Joan Lee for almost 70 years, until her death. The couple had two children. Joan died on July 6, 2017. Stan died on November 12, 2018, in LA.STAN THE MAN LEE- Writer
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Steve Ditko was an American comics writer and artist of Rusyn descent. He is better known for co-creating the superheroes Spider-Man/Peter Parker and Doctor Strange/Stephen Strange for Marvel Comics. He created many other characters for various publishing companies. Among his better known creations are Blue Beetle/Ted Kord, Captain Atom/Allen Adam, the Creeper/Jack Ryder, Hawk and Dove/Hank Hall and Don Hall, Mr. A/Rex Graine, the Question/Charles Victor Szasz, Shade the Changing Man/Rac Shade, Ditko was an adherent of Objectivism, the philosophy of Ayn Rand (1905-1982). Her work had a significant influence on his own work, which often reflected Objectivism's belief in moral absolutism.
In 1927, Ditko was born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, a city located 56 miles (90 kilometers) to the east of Pittsburgh. His parents were master carpenter Stephen Ditko and his homemaker wife Anna. Both parents were first-generation American Rusyn immigrants from Czechoslovakia. Steve was the second of four children born to the Ditko family, and he was raised as a typical member of a working class family.
Stephen Ditko, Steve's father, loved newspaper comic strips. He introduced his son to the work of comic strip artists of the 1930s and 1940s. The Ditko family's favorite comic strip was the adventure series "Prince Valiant" by Hal Foster (1892-1982). As Steve grew up, so did his interest in both comic strips and comic books. His favorite characters during his adolescence were Batman/Bruce Wayne and the Spirit/Denny Colt.
Ditko received his secondary education at the Greater Johnstown High School, and graduated in 1945. In October 1945, Ditko enlisted in the United States Army. He spend his military service in Allied-occupied Germany. While there, Ditko drew comic strips for a military newspaper. It was his first comics-related work, though he lacked formal training at the time.
Following his discharge, Ditko had the option to receive a college education, thanks to the G.I. Bill. The G. I. Bill was a law that provided a range of benefits to returning veterans, including the payments of tuition and living expenses needed for them to attend high school, college, or vocational school. In 1950, Ditko chose to enroll at the art school "Cartoonists and Illustrators School" (later known as the School of Visual Arts) , located in New York City.
While studying at art school, Ditko found a mentor in veteran comic book artist Jerry Robinson (1922-2011). Robinson had been one of the main artists of the "Batman" series, and was credited as the co-creator of Robin/Dick Grayson and the Joker. Robinson found Ditko to be a dedicated student, and a very hard worker. He encouraged Ditko to write his own stories and to create his own characters,
By 1953, Ditko had graduated and began work as a professional comic book artist. His first work was illustrating the science fiction story "Stretching Things" for Stanmor Publications. Stanmor sold this story to the comic book publisher Farrell Publications, which first published it in 1954.
Ditko's second professional story, but first published work, was the romance story "Paper Romance" . It was published by Gillmor Magazines in October, 1953.
Ditko was soon after hired by the studio operated by veteran comic book writers and artists Jack Kirby (1917-1994) and Joe Simon (1913-2011). While working for them, Ditko received additional training by his co-worker Mort Meskin (1916-1995). According to an interview, Ditko admired Meskin's ability to create detailed drawing compositions without cluttering the image.
Some of Ditko's earliest known work was published by Prize Comics, an imprint of Crestwood Publications which was co-headed by Kirby and Simon. In 1954, Ditko was first hired by the publisher Charlton Comics, a low-budget company located in Derby, Connecticut. His first story for them was a vampire story, titled "Cinderella". He continued working for Charlton on-and-off until 1986, when the company shut down.
In 1954, Ditko contracted tuberculosis and had to take a hiatus from his comic book work. He recuperated at his family's house in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. By 1955, Ditko had recovered and he moved back to New York City. In 1956, Ditko was hired by Atlas Comics, Marvel Comics' predecessor. He mostly illustrated surreal stories, written by Atlas' writer-editor Stan Lee (1922-2018).
Ditko's work for Atlas Comics was published in its anthology titles, including "Amazing Adventures", "Journey into Mystery", "Strange Tales", "Strange Worlds", "Tales of Suspense" and "Tales to Astonish". Ditko's stories were sufficiently were sufficiently popular for him to be assigned as the main artist of "Amazing Adventures" in December, 1961. The anthology was renamed to "Amazing Adult Fantasy", to reflect its publication of stories that were more sophisticated that Atlas/Marvel's typical output.
Ditko's stories for Atlas and Marvel Comics were composed according to the company's "Marvel Method" of writer-artist collaboration. The writer provided a brief outline of the plot, while the artist fleshed out the story and illustrated it. This gave Ditko significant creative influence on any story, though he did not receive a credit as a co-writer or co-plotter.
In the early 1960s, Stan Lee wanted to create a new teenage hero, called Spider-Man. He first gained permission to create such a story by his publisher Martin Goodman (1908-1992). He then had to design the new character, and then gave the assignment to his main artist at the time: Jack Kirby. Kirby created a 6-page-long draft for the character's first story, but Lee rejected his designs. He then gave the assignment of designing Spider-Man to Ditko, who was the company's second most prominent artist at the time. Ditko's version of the character was accepted by Lee.
Ditko created Spider-Man's original costume. He incorporated a face mask which hid the character's facial features, a costume with no shoes that would allow the character to cling on walls, and a hidden wrist-shooter. Ditko also created the character's "web gimmick" and his spider signal. The idea of webs coming out of the character's hands was credited to Ditko's roommate at the time, the fetish artist Eric Stanton (1926-1999).
Spider-Man's origin story was published in "Amazing Fantasy" #15 (August 1962), the final issue of the anthology series. It became a top-seller, so Marvel Comics decided to give Spidey (as the character was nicknamed) his own series: "The Amazing Spider-Man" vol. 1 (March, 1963-November, 1998). Ditko was the new magazine's main artist for its first 38 issues (March, 1963-July, 1966).
Besides Spidey himself, Ditko co-created most of his early supporting cast and early foes. His creations included (in order) Aunt May/May Reilly Parker, Uncle Ben/Ben Parker, the Burglar, Crusher Hogan/Joseph Hogan, Flash Thompson/Eugene Thompson, Elizabeth Allan, Maxie Shiffman, Raymond Warren, Bluebird/Sally Avril, and Seymour O'Reilly (all introduced in Amazing Fantasy #15),J. Jonah Jameson (issue #1), Man-Wolf/John Jameson (issue #1), Chameleon/Dmitri Smerdyakov (issue #1),Vulture/Adrian Toomes (issue #2), Tinkerer/Phineas Mason (issue #2), Doctor Octopus/Otto Octavius (issue #3), Betty Brant (issue #4), Sandman/Flint Marko (issue #4), Principal Davis/Andrew Davis (issue #4), Lizard/Dr. Curtis Connors (issue #6), the Living Brain (issue #8), Charlie Murphy/Charles Murphy (issue #8), Electro/Maxwell "Max" Dillon (issue #9), Dr. Nicholas Bromwell (issue #9), Montana/Jackson Brice (issue #10), Fancy Dan/Daniel Brito (issue #10), the Ox/Raymond Bloch (#issue #10), the Big Man/Frederick Foswell (issue #10), Crime-Master/Bennett Brant (issue #11), Mysterio/Quentin Beck (issue #13), Green Goblin/Norman Osborn (issue #14), Kraven the Hunter/Sergei Kravinoff (issue #15), Anna Watson (issue #15), the Great Gambonnos/Ernest Gambonno and Luigi Gambonno (issue #16), Wilson Allan (issue #17), Hobgoblin/Ned Leeds (issue #18), the Scorpion/Mac Gargan (issue #20), Princess Python/Zelda DuBois (issue #22), Lucky Lobo/Francisco Lobo (issue #23), Mary Jane Watson (issue #25), Professor Spencer Smythe (issue #25), Spider-Slayer (issue #25), Crime-Master/Nicholas "Nick"/ "Lucky" Lewis (issue #26), Barney Bushkin (issue #27), the Molten Man/Mark Raxton (issue #28), Doris Raxton Allan (issue #28), Prowler/Cat Burglar/ the Cat (issue #30), Green Goblin/Harry Osborn (issue #31), Gwen Stacy (issue #31), the Jackal/Professor Miles Warren (issue #31), Dean Corliss (issue #31), the Looter/Meteor Man/Norton Fester (issue #36), Sally Green (issue #36), Robot Master/Gaunt/Professor Mendel Stromm (issue #37), Max Young (issue #37), and Guy Named Joe/Joe Smith (issue #38).
Ditko eventually demanded credit for his plot contributions, and Stan Lee complied. Fros issue #25 onward, Ditko started receiving plot credits. One of the most celebrated issues plotted by Ditko was issue #33, titled "If This Be My Destiny...!", In it Spider-Man is pinned down by heavy machinery, and is plagued by visions of having failed to rescue his uncle and being then unable to rescue his aunt. He eventually escapes through sheer force of will. The story has been repeatedly cited as one of Marvel Comics' best stories.
While continuing his work on Spider-Man, Ditko co-created Dr. Strange. The character was introduced in "Strange Tales" #110 (July 1963), and continued to appear regularly in the magazine. Ditko's Doctor Strange artwork was acclaimed "for its surrealistic mystical landscapes and increasingly psychedelic visuals". It became a favorite series for college students of the 1960s. Dr. Strange was a magic user whose adventures took place in "bizarre worlds and twisting dimensions".
In the Dr. Strange series, Ditko introduced some of the earlier cosmic characters used by Marvel. A multi-part story in "Strange Tales" #130-146 (March 1965 - July 1966) introduced Eternity, a living personification of the universe,
Besides Spider-Man and Dr. Strange, Ditko contributed stories for other Marvel characters of the era. He drew stories of the Hulk/Bruce Banner and Iron Man/Tony Stark. Ditko is credited for designing the Leader/Samuel Sterns in 1964, who has since served as the Hulk's primary adversary.
In 1966, Ditko decided to quit working for Marvel Comics, though he never explained the reasons for his decision. His relationship with Stan Lee had deteriorated sometime earlier, and they were no longer on speaking terms. Art and editorial changes in their stories were handled through intermediaries. According to John Romita Sr. (1930-), Ditko's replacement in the Spider-Man series, Ditko and Lee had disagreed on how to handle their characters.
After leaving Marvel Comics, Ditko returned to Charlton Comics. The pay rates at Charlton were considerably lower than Marvel's, but its creators enjoyed more creative freedom over their stories. Between 1965 and 1968, Ditko was the main creative force behind the stories of Captain Atom, Blue Beetle, and the Question.
From 1966 to 1967, Ditko also worked for Warren Publishing. The publisher specialized in comic magazines, and Ditko contributed 16 stories for the anthology series "Creepy" and "Eerie".
In 1967, Ditko created the creator-owned character Mister A. The character was inspired by Objectivism philosophy, and often delivered lethal justice to criminals. The first Mister A story was published in "witzend", an an underground comic which handled creator-owned stories by comic book professionals. Its original publisher was veteran comic book artist Wally Wood (1927-1981). Ditko regularly worked on Mister A stories for various publishers between 1967 and 1978. He eventually published the penultimate Mister A story in 2000, and the ultimate story in the series in 2009.
In 1968, Ditko was hired by DC Comics. His first major creation for the company was the Creeper, with the character introduced in "Showcase" #73 (April 1968). The sibling duo Hawk and Dove were then introduced in Showcase #75 (June 1968). The Creeper graduated to his own comic book series called "Beware the Creeper: (June 1968 - April 1969), and Ditko handled all 6 of its issues.
In 1969, Ditko resigned from DC Comics. He contributed a story to the first issue of Wally Wood's series "Heroes, Inc. Presents Cannon" (1969), but otherwise worked near-exclusively for Charlton Comics in the early from 1969 to the mid-1970s. In 1974, Ditko became the main artist for the stories featuring Liberty Belle/Caroline Dean.
In 1975, Ditko was hired by the short-lived publisher Atlas/Seaboard Comics (1974-1975). The company was owned by Martin Goodman, Marvel Comics' former owner. Ditko co-created a character called Destructor, which was given his own series. Ditko handled the art for all 4 of its issues (February-August, 1975). He also worked on 2 issues for the series Tiger-Man, and a single issue for Morlock 2001. Atlas/Seabord shut down in 1975.
In 1975, Ditko returned to DC Comics. His first major work there was creating the antihero Stalker/Elpis, who briefly received his own sword-and-sorcery themed series. Ditko handled all 4 of its issues. He also created the character Shade, the Changing Man, and handled all issues of his short-lived series (1977-1978).
Besides working on his own characters for DC Comics, Ditko contributed stories for its other characters. He worked on stories for Etrigan the Demon, the Legion of Super-Heroes, and Man-Bat/Robert Kirkland "Kirk" Langstrom. Several of his stories were published in anthology titles. In 1980, Ditko became the main artist for the stories featuring Starman/Prince Gavyn, a new extraterrestrial superhero. His stories only covered the first year of Starman's series.
In 1979, Ditko was hired by Marvel Comics again. He took over the series "Machine Man", featuring Jack Kirby's character Machine Man/Aaron Stack. The character was a sentient robot. Ditko also wrote stories for Captain Universe and the Micronauts, space-faring heroes. In 1980, Ditko co-created a new hero: Dragon Lord/Tako Shamara. The character failed to caught on with readers.
From 1984 to 1986, Ditko drew a series featuring the character of Rom the Space Knight/Rom of Galador, another extraterrestrial superhero. The long-running series ended in 1986. In 1988, Ditko co-created a new teenage superhero for Marvel, called Speedball/Robbie Baldwin. Speedball graduated to his own series, which lasted for 10 issues. Ditko was the series main artist, and contributed most of its plots. Following the series' cancellation, Speedball became a featured character in the team book "New Warriors".
While Ditko mostly worked for Marvel Comics during the 1980s, he also contributed for Pacific Comics, Eclipse Comics, First Comics, and Archie Comics. He contributed stories for Archie's resident superheroes, including the Fly/Thomas "Tommy" Troy, Flygirl/Kim Brand, and Jaguar/Ralph Hardy.
In 1982, Ditko was on contract with Western Publishing to serve as the main artist for a new science-fiction series called "Astral Frontiers". The series ended in development hell, and Western stopped publishing comics in 1984.
In the early 1990s, Ditko was hired by Valiant Comics to contribute stories for its stable of characters. Ditko worked on stories for "Magnus, Robot Fighter", Solar/Phil Seleski, and X-O Manowar/Aric of Dacia.
Ditko contributed an Iron Man and Dr. Doom crossover story in the anthology Marvel Super-Heroes vol. 2, #8 (January, 1992). This story introduced new super-heroine Squirrel Girl/Doreen Allene Green. The character eventually gained a cult following, joined the Great Lakes Avengers (an Avengers' spin-off team), and graduated to her own series. She was among the last original characters Ditko created for Marvel Comics, and the last one to become popular.
In 1995, Ditko served as the main artist for a comic-book miniseries featuring Phantom 2040/Kit Walker, the 24th incarnation of the Phantom. The series was an adaptation of a then-popular French-American animated series. It was among Ditko's large mainstream works. His other commercial works of the 1990s included one-shot publications for Dark Horse Comics, Defiant Comics, and Fantagraphics Books.
In 1998, Ditko wrote a few stories featuring Iron Man, Namor, the Sub-Mariner, and the Power Rangers. Then he mostly retired from mainstream comics. His final mainstream work was a 5-page-long story featuring the New Gods. It was intended for publication c. 2000, but was not published by DC Comics until 2008.
During the last decades of his life, Ditko mostly worked on creator-owned stories. Most of them were published by his long-time associate Robin Snyder, a former editor of Charlton Comics. Most of these works did not receive a wide circulation. In 2008, Ditko published the essay book "The Avenging Mind", and a collection of editorial cartoons under the title "Ditko, Etc...,".
In 2010, Ditko helped in the publication of reprint collections featuring his work from the 1970s. At about the same time, DC and Marvel published a number of previously unpublished stories by Ditko. Ditko had sold the stories to the two publishers in earlier decades, but they were kept in their respective inventories.
In the 2010s, Ditko continued to work in his apartment within Manhattan's Midtown West neighborhood. He lived alone, having never married and having no known children. In June 2018, Ditko was found dead within his apartment. The cause of death was a myocardial infarction (heart attack),itself caused by arteriosclerotic and hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Ditko was 90 years old at the time of death.
In 2019, Ditko's last essay was published posthumously. His last printed words concerned his thoughts about his friends and foes: "Here's to those who wish me well, and those that don't can go to hell."SELF- Writer
Terry Austin was born on 23 August 1952 in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Terry is a writer.SELF- Tom DeFalco was born on 26 June 1950 in Queens, New York City, New York, USA. He is a writer, known for New Warriors (2017), Silver Sable and Ghost Empire: The Forgotten Story of Harvey Comics.SELF