Intelligent design originates from the philosophical proposition of "argument from design", which is the argument for the existence of some deity (an "intelligent designer") that relies upon some perceived notion of the "deliberate design" of the universe. This claim when presented as science is considered pseudoscience as it offers no empirical evidence or testable hypothesis.
The term was later used by the Creationist movement (see "What is creationism", below) in the 1980s as the name for an anti-evolution campaign, and this version is currently promoted by the Discovery Institute. This is the meaning used in this movie. Intelligent Design in this form refers to the idea that life cannot have developed by natural means and must have been created by some intelligent outside agency. It rules out evolution or other wholly natural mechanisms as explanations for the current state of life on Earth - a designer must be involved somewhere, they argue.
The Discovery Institute's manifesto, the "Wedge Document" describes Intelligent Design in the larger context of the "Wedge Strategy". In the overall plan, ID is a rebranding of creationism to allow it to be more easily integrated into government-run schools in the US (which must be secular) by removing the explicit mention of God or another supernatural deity, but while retaining the same basic anti-evolution arguments as prior forms of creationism. As the name suggests, the overall Wedge Strategy aims to use small additions at first, followed by larger ones later, to give Christianity an increasingly large role in science and education. Philip E. Johnson is the "father of the intelligent design movement".
Johnson calls his movement "The Wedge." The objective, he said, is to convince people that Darwinism is inherently atheistic, thus shifting the debate from creationism vs. evolution to the existence of God vs. the non-existence of God. From there people are introduced to "the truth" of the Bible and then "the question of sin" and finally "introduced to Jesus." http://web.archive.org/web/20010508032051/http://www.au.org/churchstate/cs4995.htm
The Wedge Document:
"Five Year Objectives. Spiritual & cultural renewal: Mainline renewal movements begin to appropriate insights from design theory, and to repudiate theologies influenced by materialism; Major Christian denomination(s) defend(s) traditional doctrine of creation & repudiate(s); Darwinism Seminaries increasingly recognize & repudiate naturalistic presuppositions; Positive uptake in public opinion polls on issues such as sexuality, abortion and belief in God"
The term was later used by the Creationist movement (see "What is creationism", below) in the 1980s as the name for an anti-evolution campaign, and this version is currently promoted by the Discovery Institute. This is the meaning used in this movie. Intelligent Design in this form refers to the idea that life cannot have developed by natural means and must have been created by some intelligent outside agency. It rules out evolution or other wholly natural mechanisms as explanations for the current state of life on Earth - a designer must be involved somewhere, they argue.
The Discovery Institute's manifesto, the "Wedge Document" describes Intelligent Design in the larger context of the "Wedge Strategy". In the overall plan, ID is a rebranding of creationism to allow it to be more easily integrated into government-run schools in the US (which must be secular) by removing the explicit mention of God or another supernatural deity, but while retaining the same basic anti-evolution arguments as prior forms of creationism. As the name suggests, the overall Wedge Strategy aims to use small additions at first, followed by larger ones later, to give Christianity an increasingly large role in science and education. Philip E. Johnson is the "father of the intelligent design movement".
Johnson calls his movement "The Wedge." The objective, he said, is to convince people that Darwinism is inherently atheistic, thus shifting the debate from creationism vs. evolution to the existence of God vs. the non-existence of God. From there people are introduced to "the truth" of the Bible and then "the question of sin" and finally "introduced to Jesus." http://web.archive.org/web/20010508032051/http://www.au.org/churchstate/cs4995.htm
The Wedge Document:
"Five Year Objectives. Spiritual & cultural renewal: Mainline renewal movements begin to appropriate insights from design theory, and to repudiate theologies influenced by materialism; Major Christian denomination(s) defend(s) traditional doctrine of creation & repudiate(s); Darwinism Seminaries increasingly recognize & repudiate naturalistic presuppositions; Positive uptake in public opinion polls on issues such as sexuality, abortion and belief in God"
"1. the doctrine that matter and all things were created, substantially as they now exist, by an omnipotent Creator, and not gradually evolved or developed.
2. (sometimes initial capital letter) the doctrine that the true story of the creation of the universe is as it is recounted in the Bible, esp. in the first chapter of Genesis." Random House Unabridged Dictionary © Random House, Inc. 2006.
"Belief in the literal interpretation of the account of the creation of the universe and of all living things related in the Bible." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
"The literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis; "creationism denies the theory of evolution of species" "WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
"A literal belief in the biblical account of Creation as it appears in the Book of Genesis. Creationists believe that the creation of the world and all its creatures took place in six calendar days; they therefore deny the theory of evolution." The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
"Creationism is a religious belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe were created in their original form by a deity (often the Abrahamic God of Judaism, Christianity and Islam) or deities, whose existence is presupposed. In relation to the creation-evolution controversy the term creationism (or strict creationism) is commonly used to refer to religiously-motivated rejection of evolution." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism
2. (sometimes initial capital letter) the doctrine that the true story of the creation of the universe is as it is recounted in the Bible, esp. in the first chapter of Genesis." Random House Unabridged Dictionary © Random House, Inc. 2006.
"Belief in the literal interpretation of the account of the creation of the universe and of all living things related in the Bible." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
"The literal belief in the account of Creation given in the Book of Genesis; "creationism denies the theory of evolution of species" "WordNet® 3.0, © 2006 by Princeton University.
"A literal belief in the biblical account of Creation as it appears in the Book of Genesis. Creationists believe that the creation of the world and all its creatures took place in six calendar days; they therefore deny the theory of evolution." The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
"Creationism is a religious belief that humanity, life, the Earth, and the universe were created in their original form by a deity (often the Abrahamic God of Judaism, Christianity and Islam) or deities, whose existence is presupposed. In relation to the creation-evolution controversy the term creationism (or strict creationism) is commonly used to refer to religiously-motivated rejection of evolution." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism
According to Judge John Jones (2005 trial of Tammy Kitzmiller, et al. v. Dover Area School District, et al):
"ID is the progeny of creationism The evidence at trial demonstrates that intelligent design is nothing less than the progeny of creationism. What is likely the strongest evidence supporting the finding of intelligent design's creationist nature is the history and historical pedigree of the book to which students in Dover's ninth-grade biology class are referred, Of Pandas and People. Pandas is published by an organization called FTE, as noted, whose articles of incorporation and filings with the Internal Revenue Service describe it as a religious, Christian organization. Pandas was written by Dean Kenyon and Percival Davis, both acknowledged creationists, and Nancy Pearcey, a Young Earth Creationist, contributed to the work."
However, to Creationists, there is a distinct difference between the two.
Answers in Genesis:
"However, the major problem with the ID movement is a divorce of the Creator from creation. The Creator and His creation cannot be separated; they reflect on each other."
Creation Ministries International:
"The Intelligent Design Movements motivation appears to be the desire to challenge the blind acceptance of the materialistic, godless, naturalistic philosophy of Darwinian evolution. They confront many of the philosophical underpinnings of todays evolutionary thinking. As a movement, they are unwilling to align themselves with biblical creationism."
"The IDMs refusal to identify the Designer with the Biblical God, and in particular with the history in the Bible, means that:
Acceptance of ID thinking en masse could just as easily lead to New-Age or Hindu-like notions of creation, as well as weird alien sci-fi notions. In such instances, a Christian might well see that the metaphorical exorcism of one socio-philosophical demon would have achieved merely its replacement by others, possibly worse.
There is no philosophical answer to their opponents logically-deduced charge that the Designer was monstrous and/or inept (look at all the horrible, cruel, even defective things in the living world), since bringing up the Fall is deliberately, tactically excluded. (However, the Fall was a major event in history, that changed everything. The world we are looking at now is a world that has been corrupted by sin, not the original world that God designed). Thus, the movements success could very likely even be counterproductive, by laying the Biblical God open to ridicule and contempt in new ways."
"ID is the progeny of creationism The evidence at trial demonstrates that intelligent design is nothing less than the progeny of creationism. What is likely the strongest evidence supporting the finding of intelligent design's creationist nature is the history and historical pedigree of the book to which students in Dover's ninth-grade biology class are referred, Of Pandas and People. Pandas is published by an organization called FTE, as noted, whose articles of incorporation and filings with the Internal Revenue Service describe it as a religious, Christian organization. Pandas was written by Dean Kenyon and Percival Davis, both acknowledged creationists, and Nancy Pearcey, a Young Earth Creationist, contributed to the work."
However, to Creationists, there is a distinct difference between the two.
Answers in Genesis:
"However, the major problem with the ID movement is a divorce of the Creator from creation. The Creator and His creation cannot be separated; they reflect on each other."
Creation Ministries International:
"The Intelligent Design Movements motivation appears to be the desire to challenge the blind acceptance of the materialistic, godless, naturalistic philosophy of Darwinian evolution. They confront many of the philosophical underpinnings of todays evolutionary thinking. As a movement, they are unwilling to align themselves with biblical creationism."
"The IDMs refusal to identify the Designer with the Biblical God, and in particular with the history in the Bible, means that:
Acceptance of ID thinking en masse could just as easily lead to New-Age or Hindu-like notions of creation, as well as weird alien sci-fi notions. In such instances, a Christian might well see that the metaphorical exorcism of one socio-philosophical demon would have achieved merely its replacement by others, possibly worse.
There is no philosophical answer to their opponents logically-deduced charge that the Designer was monstrous and/or inept (look at all the horrible, cruel, even defective things in the living world), since bringing up the Fall is deliberately, tactically excluded. (However, the Fall was a major event in history, that changed everything. The world we are looking at now is a world that has been corrupted by sin, not the original world that God designed). Thus, the movements success could very likely even be counterproductive, by laying the Biblical God open to ridicule and contempt in new ways."
Evolution Is:
VARIATION:
1) Variation exists in all populations.
2) Some of that variation is heritable.
3) Base pair sequences are encoded in a set of self-replicating molecules that form templates for making poteins.
4) Combinations of genes that did not previously exist may arise via "crossing over" during meiosis, which alters the sequence of base pairs on a chromosome.
5) Copying errors (mutations) can also arise, because the self-replicating process is of imperfect (although high) fidelity; these mutations also increase the range of combinations of alleles in a gene pool.
SELECTION: 6) Some of that heritable variation has an influence on the number of offspring able to reproduce in turn, including traits that affect mating opportunities, or survival prospects for either individuals or close relatives. 7) Characteristics which tend to increase the number of an organism's offspring that are able to reproduce in turn, tend to become more common over generations and diffuse through a population; those that tend to decrease such prospects tend to become rarer. 8) "Sampling errors" can occur in populations that alter the relative frequency of the various alleles for reasons other than survival/reproductive advantages. 9) Migration of individuals from one population to another can lead to changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in the "recipient" population.
SPECIATION: 10) Populations of a single species that live in different environments are exposed to different conditions that can "favor" different traits. These environmental differences can cause two populations to accumulate divergent suites of characteristics. 11) A new species develops (often initiated by temporary environmental factors such as period of geographic isolation) when a sub-population acquires characteristics which promote or guarantee reproductive isolation from the alternate population, limiting the diffusion of variations thereafter.
SUFFICIENCY: 12) The combination of these effects tends to increase diversity of life forms; over the time frame from the late Hadean to the present, this becomes sufficient to explain the diversity of life observed on Earth, both in what is directly seen at present, and indirectly through geologic evidence from the fossil record.
THAT'S WHAT EVOLUTION *IS*. If you have a problem with Evolution, you have a problem with one or more of these twelve points. Which one is it? Provide evidence that any of the points are incorrect.
While the origins of life are a question of interest to evolutionary biologists and frequently studied in conjunction with researchers from other fields such as geochemistry and organic chemistry, the core of evolutionary theory itself does not rest on a foundation that requires any knowledge about the origins of life on earth. It is primarily concerned with the change and diversification of life after the origins of the earliest living things - although there is not yet a consensus as to how to distinguish "living" from "non-living".
SELECTION: 6) Some of that heritable variation has an influence on the number of offspring able to reproduce in turn, including traits that affect mating opportunities, or survival prospects for either individuals or close relatives. 7) Characteristics which tend to increase the number of an organism's offspring that are able to reproduce in turn, tend to become more common over generations and diffuse through a population; those that tend to decrease such prospects tend to become rarer. 8) "Sampling errors" can occur in populations that alter the relative frequency of the various alleles for reasons other than survival/reproductive advantages. 9) Migration of individuals from one population to another can lead to changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in the "recipient" population.
SPECIATION: 10) Populations of a single species that live in different environments are exposed to different conditions that can "favor" different traits. These environmental differences can cause two populations to accumulate divergent suites of characteristics. 11) A new species develops (often initiated by temporary environmental factors such as period of geographic isolation) when a sub-population acquires characteristics which promote or guarantee reproductive isolation from the alternate population, limiting the diffusion of variations thereafter.
SUFFICIENCY: 12) The combination of these effects tends to increase diversity of life forms; over the time frame from the late Hadean to the present, this becomes sufficient to explain the diversity of life observed on Earth, both in what is directly seen at present, and indirectly through geologic evidence from the fossil record.
THAT'S WHAT EVOLUTION *IS*. If you have a problem with Evolution, you have a problem with one or more of these twelve points. Which one is it? Provide evidence that any of the points are incorrect.
While the origins of life are a question of interest to evolutionary biologists and frequently studied in conjunction with researchers from other fields such as geochemistry and organic chemistry, the core of evolutionary theory itself does not rest on a foundation that requires any knowledge about the origins of life on earth. It is primarily concerned with the change and diversification of life after the origins of the earliest living things - although there is not yet a consensus as to how to distinguish "living" from "non-living".
No. Although Darwin's name is still used in the naming of selection processes other than "Natural" selection (the various "Darwinisms"), and he observed artificial selection in agriculture, Darwin anticipated and spoke out against eugenics and "social Darwinism" before the terms were even coined. The movie actually quotes his condemnation, although it omits most of his argument in order to make it appear that he favored eugenics:
"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination. We build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed and the sick; we institute poor-laws; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed.
The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil"
Likewise, some of the most vocal opponents of the eugenics movement in the 1900s were evolutionary biologists themselves, as eugenics is built upon gross misunderstandings of evolutionary theory.
"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination. We build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed and the sick; we institute poor-laws; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to the last moment. There is reason to believe that vaccination has preserved thousands, who from a weak constitution would formerly have succumbed to small-pox. Thus the weak members of civilized societies propagate their kind. No one who has attended to the breeding of domestic animals will doubt that this must be highly injurious to the race of man. It is surprising how soon a want of care, or care wrongly directed, leads to the degeneration of a domestic race; but excepting in the case of man himself, hardly anyone is so ignorant as to allow his worst animals to breed.
The aid which we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social instincts, but subsequently rendered, in the manner previously indicated, more tender and more widely diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil"
Likewise, some of the most vocal opponents of the eugenics movement in the 1900s were evolutionary biologists themselves, as eugenics is built upon gross misunderstandings of evolutionary theory.
Yes, there is. Genetic changes have been observed in many biological life forms. For example- bacteria have been observed to have evolved, as scientists have noticed change in the genetic structure in various species as well as the mutation of viruses. For the people who say evolution does not occur in macroscopic life forms, there is new evidence that suggest that microbes influence the evolution of macro sized life forms, this means that bacteria, viruses, parasites or Fungi spores can alter the genetic structure of an animal or human.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130718142417.htm
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130718142417.htm
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- How long is Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?1 hour and 37 minutes
- When was Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed released?April 18, 2008
- What is the IMDb rating of Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?3.7 out of 10
- Who stars in Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who wrote Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who directed Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who was the composer for Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who was the producer of Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who was the cinematographer for Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who was the editor of Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?
- Who are the characters in Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?Sara
- What is the plot of Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?Ben Stein examines the issue of academic freedom and decides that there is none when it comes to the debate over intelligent design.
- What was the budget for Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?$3.5 million
- How much did Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed earn at the worldwide box office?$7.72 million
- How much did Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed earn at the US box office?$7.72 million
- What is Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed rated?PG
- What genre is Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed?Documentary
- How many awards has Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed won?3 awards
- How many awards has Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed been nominated for?3 nominations
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By what name was Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008) officially released in Canada in English?
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